12/13: Reserve Design Flashcards
Definition of a protected area
A clearly defined geographic space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
Protected areas may prohibit or allow…
Prohibit access by people
or allow recreational, traditional, hunting, fishing, logging, mining, agricultre, residential
What are the six IUCN protected area designations
1a. Strict nature reserves
1b. Wildnerness area
2. National park
3. Natural monument or feature
4. Habitat/species management area
5. Protected landscape/seascape
6. Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
What are the United Nations Conventions on Biodiversities targets
By 2020, protect 17% of land and 10% of marine areas (failed marine)
What are the three criteria that need to be met to make the IUCN green list of protected and conserved areas
- need to have good governance
- have good design/planned
- be properly enforced
Five steps for preserving ecosystems
slide 13
What are the priorities for choosing what areas to conserve?
- distinctiveness
- endangerment
- utility
Types of approaches you can take when protecting areas
Species approach
Ecosystem approach
Hotspot approach
What is gap analysis
Identifying mismatch in what is protected vs what should be
Overlay biological characteristics with protection status to identify gaps in coverage
Slide 17/18
What % of species have insufficient protected areas
57%
What are the four R’s of protected areas? *
- Representation (should contain as many features of biodiv as possible)
- Resiliency (maintain aspects of biodiv into the future)
- Redundancy (how much buffer do you have)
- Reality (sufficient funds, political will to protect/regulate/manage)
What is the guiding theory on how to prevent species extinction
Island biogeography
slide 29
graphic
Seven reserve design questions
- how large must it be to protect biodiv
- better to have single large or multiple small?
- how many endangered species must be included to prevent local extinction
- best shape?
- network of areas? proximity to each other?
- most cost-effective way to design/achieve con goals
- most effective way to spend money?
What is the SLOSS debate?
Single large or several small
Incorporating costs/tradeoffs when choosing conservation priority areas
Slide 32***
Shafer’s 11 rules of reserve design
Large parks and protected areas contain larger… and lower…
larger populations of each species than small parks and have lower extinction rates
What is the frodo effect
Some small habitats have disproportionately large conservation value
What is Natura 2000
Protected areas in the EU
18% of their land and 6% of marine areas
Targets areas that ensure survival of Europe’s most valuable & threatened species and habitats
Reserve design often emphasizes what?
Connectivity. Maintain large core areas with corridors btw. Prevents sub-division of pop
Population sub-division causes what?
- loss of ecosystem function
- loss of genetic exchange; adaptability
- chance extinctions due to small pop
Metapopulation theory*
know graph**slide 41
What is structural connectivity vs functional connectivity
Structural: physical habitat types or features that are assumed to promote movement of organisms
Functional: actual movement of organisms through landscapes that cannot be assumed from structure
Graph vs circuit theory of connectivity
Graph: look at quality of areas and how they are best connected
Circuit: measures networks ability to carry current pop between source and sink nodes
How does behaviour contribute to connectivity
- measure functional connectivity
- explore individual variation (age-sex, disease)
- measure movement directly
Do wildlife corridors work?
Wary animals had to learn to use them e.g. female grizzlies
Corridors vs barriers are species and context specific
Three rules of designing protected areas
- new parks should be as large as possible
- land adjacent to PA should be acquired to reduce external threats, have buffer zone
- preserve corridors to connect PA to facilitate dispersal
Slide 50, 51
Look at figures
What is a biosphere reserve
Integrates traditional land-use patterns (e.g. farming, grazing), research, protection of env and tourism
How are biospheres designed
Core area where ecosystems are protected, surrounded by buffer zone in which human activities occur
What are paper parks
Parks that administrators describe with enthusiasm that in reality provide little or no protection
Five common management problems in protected areas
- Displacement of ppl (social/economic problems)
- poaching (resentment of protected area)
- trophy hunting
- human-wildlife conflict
- degradation
How can human-wildlife conflict/interaction cause issues in PAs
- shared space w carnivores
- humans as predator shields
- humans as resources
Slide 61
Adaptive management*
What value do unprotected areas have
Reconciliation ecology
Restoration ecology
Urban conservation
Private initiatives
Two types of non-protected conserved areas
Military land
Unprotected… public forests, grasslands, waterways, undesirable areas, private land
What is the yellowstone to yukon conservation initiative
Aims to provide functional connectivity for grizzly bears between yellowstone and yukon
What is reconciliation ecology
Promotes biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes
Urban ecology
Accepts human domination in most landscapes - looks for ways to promote biodiversity in them
One of the greatest threats to all biodiversity is…
urbanization
Main challenge of urban spaces
Hyper-abundant urban-adapting wildlife
e.g. cats, raccoons
Exploit anthropogenic habitat
Can attract well-meaning wildlife protection
A second urban challenge is
Well-meaning public (might not have all the info)
The absence of behavioural flexibility that produces intolerance might be…
augmented via increasing security, providing limited resources, diversionary feeding
What is a metapopulation? What is metapopulation theory
group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level
Better to have small and large patch size, with highly connected patches = higher occupation of patches
Fragmentation reduces area of interior habitat, which does what to species?
Decreases interior habitat species
Increases edge habitat and species
Greater protection in PA’s can actually create…
more abrupt boundaries (less buffer)
