11a Nutrition

Question 0

HCO3- X Cl transporter

Answer 0

Luminal exchanger secreting HCO3 into the lumen of the pancreatic duct

Question 1

Three stages of pancreatic secretion and their control

Answer 1

Cephalic-ACH
Gastric- Gastrin and ACH
Intestinal- CCK and Secretin

Question 2

Fat breakdown and absorption

Answer 2

Duodenum and Jejunum-
Micelles broken down into parts
Small aand med FA + Glycerol diffuse to blood, Everything else –> SER–>Golgi–> Chylomicrons etc.

Question 3

Epithelial enteropeptidase

Answer 3

Activates Trypsinogen–> activation of chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases, and proelastase

Question 4

Monosaccharide transporters

Answer 4

SGLT1, GLUT5

Question 5

Thiamine

Answer 5

TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate is active form)
Involved with lipid anabolism and initiating the Krebs cycle

1.2 mg/day

Deficiencies:

• Dry Beriberi- Polyneuropathy
• Dilated CDM- Wet Beriberi
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome – Confusion and death, ataxia, memory problems

Labs: Serum Thiamine

Question 6

Pantothenic Acid/B5

Answer 6

CoA- functions in FA synthesis

5mg/day

Deficiency:
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

Question 7

Riboflavin

Answer 7

FAD is active form
*ETC

1.3mg/day

Deficiency:
Cheilosis
Dermatitis
Corneal neovascularization
Hair loss

Question 8

Niacin

Answer 8

Dietary and made from tryptophan
NAD, NADH, NADPH
Involved in TCA Cycle, G6P pathway, synthesis of macromolecules

16mg/day

Deficiency:
Pellagra: Dermatitis (sun sensitivity), diarrhea(and oral lesions), dementia —>death, Glossitis

Question 9

Biotin B7

Answer 9

Cofactor functions in creation of: MalonylCoA, succ coA, OAA

30 mcg/day

Dermatitis
Hair loss
Enteritis

Question 10

Pyridoxine/B6

Answer 10

• Pyridoxal Phosphate
• AA metabolism
• Glycogen degradation
• Porphyrin synthesis
  1. 3mg/day

Deficiency:
Convulstons, dermatits, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia

Can get toxicity: Neurotoxicity and photosensitivity

Question 11

Folate/B9

Answer 11

THF
Purine synthesis,dTMP from dUMP

400mcg/day
Deficiencies: Megaloblastic anemia, NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

Tests:Serum folate, RBC folate, CBC

Question 12

Cobalamin/B12

Answer 12

Requred for THF recycling- DNA and myelin synthesis

2.4 mcg/day- meat and animal products

Deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia,
Fetal neural tube defects
Demyelination and neural degradation

Labs- B12, Methylmalonyl CoA (high in b12D), CBC

Question 13

Vitamins absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum

Answer 13

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folate, Panththenate, Pyridoxine/B6

Question 14

Ileal absorbed vitamins

Answer 14

B12 and folate

Question 15

Vitamins produced in large intestine

Answer 15

Biotin

Question 16

Ascorbate/Vitamin C

Answer 16

Antioxidant
Works with Iron to croslink collagen
Stores Vitamin E

90mcg/day

Deficiency- Scurvy (causes bleeding and poor teeth) hemorrhage, hyperkeratosis, hypochondriasis, hematologic abnormalities

Question 17

Vitamin E

Answer 17

Antioxidant

15mg/day

Deficiency:
Hemolytic anemia
Muscle weakness
Demyelination

Question 18

Vitamin A

Answer 18

Carotenes/retinoids

3,000 IU

Deficiency: Night blindness, susceptibility to infection (due to retinoid response element), Dry skin, corneal degradation, alopecia, osteoporosis

Toxicity- rare
anorexia, dry itchy skin, abnormal liver function, fetal malformation

Question 19

Ricketts

Answer 19

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Question 20

Vitamin K sources

Answer 20

Absorbed from diet in Duodenum, Synthesized by microbiota in lare intestine

Question 21

Zinc functions

Answer 21

Wound healing, enzymatic actor/metalloproteinases, gene XP- ZnFinger

Question 22

Copper function

Answer 22

ETC oxidation
Dopamine breakdown
Antioxidant SOD dysmutase
Collagen crosslinking

Leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia with deficiency

Question 23

Mg

Answer 23

Deficiency: muscle spasms hypocalcemia, bone resorption

Question 24

Phosphorus

Answer 24

Renal abnormaities with deficiency

Toxicity causes elevated PTH, reduced Bone mass

Question 25

Sodium intake

Answer 25

<2300mg

1,500if elderly or comorbid