11.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

Question 1

What is the peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

all parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, relays information between the CNS and other parts of the body

Question 2

What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

Somatic and Autonomic

Question 3

The somatic system is

Answer 3

largely under voluntary control, and its neurons service the head, trunk, and limbs

Question 4

What do sensory neurons do in the somatic system?

Answer 4

they carry information about the external environment inward, from the receptors in the skin, tendons, and skeletal muscles.

Question 5

What do motor neurons do in the somatic system

Answer 5

carry information to skeletal muscles

Question 6

What is included in motor neurons?

Answer 6

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves all of which are myelinated.

Question 7

Cranial nerves are largely associated with

Answer 7

function in the head neck and face with the exception of the vagus nerve

Question 8

Spinal nerves that emerge from each side of the spinal cord contain both

Answer 8

sensory and motor neurons that control the area where they are found.

Question 9

What is the autonomic system?

Answer 9

it is under autonomic or involuntary control and its nerves either stimulate or inhibit the glands or smooth muscle.

Question 10

How does the autonomic system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 10

It adjusts the body to variations in the external and internal environments without an individual having to think about it and control it consciously.

Question 11

Which parts of the brain control the autonomic system?

Answer 11

the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question 12

What are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

Answer 12

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 13

Which neurotransmitters do sympathetic neurons release?

Answer 13

norepinephrine and epinephrine which have excitatory effects on its target muscles and trigger the adrenal glands. These are the hormones that activate the stress response

Question 14

How does the sympathetic system inhibit?

Answer 14

it slows digestion and the sphincter controlling bladder constricts. At the same time, it gives the skeletal muscles a boost of energy which increases blood pressure and the heart beats faster.

Question 15

What happens to your body in a sympathetic resonse

Answer 15

It gives the skeletal muscles a boost of energy which increases blood pressure and the heart beats faster.

Question 16

The purpose of the parasympathetic is to

Answer 16

restore and conserve energy

Question 17

The parasympathetic response is to

Answer 17

slow the heart rate, reduce blood pressure, promote digestion and stimulate reproductive organs

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system use to control organ responses?

Answer 18

acetylcholine

Question 19

Caffeine is a commonly used stimulant that causes the sympathetic nervous system to

Answer 19

increase heart rate and blood pressure

Question 20

Eyes (para and sym)

Answer 20

para: constrict pupil
sym: dialate

Question 21

Salivary Glands (para and sym)

Answer 21

para: stimulates
sym:inhibits

Question 22

Heart (para and sym)

Answer 22

para: slows
sym: accelerates

Question 23

Lungs (para and sym)

Answer 23

para: constricts bronchi
sym: dilate bronchi

Question 24

Stomach (para and sym)

Answer 24

para: stimulates digestion
sym: inhibits digestion

Question 25

Liver (para and sym)

Answer 25

para: stimulates bile release
sym: stimulates glucose release

Question 26

Intestines (para and sym)

Answer 26

para: stimulates peristalsis and secretion
sym: inhibits peristalsis and secretion

Question 27

Bladder (para and sym)

Answer 27

para: constrics
sym: relaxes

Question 28

Pain is an interpretation of the brain ____________ received by specialized cells known as the _______________

Answer 28

sensory input, substantia gelatinosa

Question 29

The SG forms a band in the ___________ of the __________ in the spinal cord

Answer 29

dorsal horn, grey matter

Question 30

SG gets its name because it is

Answer 30

gelatinous and unmyelinated

Question 31

Pain is perceived by the brain when

Answer 31

the SG cells are stimulated by an afferent nerve of the of the peripheral NS

Question 32

SG produces a

Answer 32

neurotransmitter that communicates with the injured part and relays it to the brain

Question 33

In response to pain, our brain releases

Answer 33

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 34

Enkephalins are

Answer 34

natural pain killers of the class opioids

Question 35

The neurotransmitters released when the brain senses pain are produced by

Answer 35

the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during pain, excitement, sex, and when eating spicy foods

Question 36

Endorphins and Enkephalins attach to the SG cells _________ and prevents _________ with the injured organ or tissue

Answer 36

receptor sites, communication

Question 37

Explain what happens during a runners high

Answer 37

During exercise, endorphins and enkephalins are released and they attach to SG receptor sites. What the runner is experiencing is a reduction of pain

Question 38

Do sympathetic and natural painkillers use the same mechanisms?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

What do opioids do? What are some examples? Why do people get addicted?

Answer 39

They prevent the pain transmitters from being made. Examples are heroin, codiene and morphine. People get addicted because since they also stop the production of natural pain killers meaning they have to be taken continuously to experience a constant affect.

Question 40

How is opium made?

Answer 40

scraping and air drying the mily sap of the unripe seedpod of the opium poppy