11.4 The Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

all parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, relays information between the CNS and other parts of the body

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2
Q

What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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3
Q

The somatic system is

A

largely under voluntary control, and its neurons service the head, trunk, and limbs

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4
Q

What do sensory neurons do in the somatic system?

A

they carry information about the external environment inward, from the receptors in the skin, tendons, and skeletal muscles.

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5
Q

What do motor neurons do in the somatic system

A

carry information to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

What is included in motor neurons?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves all of which are myelinated.

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7
Q

Cranial nerves are largely associated with

A

function in the head neck and face with the exception of the vagus nerve

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8
Q

Spinal nerves that emerge from each side of the spinal cord contain both

A

sensory and motor neurons that control the area where they are found.

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9
Q

What is the autonomic system?

A

it is under autonomic or involuntary control and its nerves either stimulate or inhibit the glands or smooth muscle.

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10
Q

How does the autonomic system maintain homeostasis?

A

It adjusts the body to variations in the external and internal environments without an individual having to think about it and control it consciously.

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11
Q

Which parts of the brain control the autonomic system?

A

the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitters do sympathetic neurons release?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine which have excitatory effects on its target muscles and trigger the adrenal glands. These are the hormones that activate the stress response

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14
Q

How does the sympathetic system inhibit?

A

it slows digestion and the sphincter controlling bladder constricts. At the same time, it gives the skeletal muscles a boost of energy which increases blood pressure and the heart beats faster.

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15
Q

What happens to your body in a sympathetic resonse

A

It gives the skeletal muscles a boost of energy which increases blood pressure and the heart beats faster.

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16
Q

The purpose of the parasympathetic is to

A

restore and conserve energy

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17
Q

The parasympathetic response is to

A

slow the heart rate, reduce blood pressure, promote digestion and stimulate reproductive organs

18
Q

Which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system use to control organ responses?

A

acetylcholine

19
Q

Caffeine is a commonly used stimulant that causes the sympathetic nervous system to

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure

20
Q

Eyes (para and sym)

A

para: constrict pupil
sym: dialate

21
Q

Salivary Glands (para and sym)

A

para: stimulates
sym:inhibits

22
Q

Heart (para and sym)

A

para: slows
sym: accelerates

23
Q

Lungs (para and sym)

A

para: constricts bronchi
sym: dilate bronchi

24
Q

Stomach (para and sym)

A

para: stimulates digestion
sym: inhibits digestion

25
Liver (para and sym)
para: stimulates bile release sym: stimulates glucose release
26
Intestines (para and sym)
para: stimulates peristalsis and secretion sym: inhibits peristalsis and secretion
27
Bladder (para and sym)
para: constrics sym: relaxes
28
Pain is an interpretation of the brain ____________ received by specialized cells known as the _______________
sensory input, substantia gelatinosa
29
The SG forms a band in the ___________ of the __________ in the spinal cord
dorsal horn, grey matter
30
SG gets its name because it is
gelatinous and unmyelinated
31
Pain is perceived by the brain when
the SG cells are stimulated by an afferent nerve of the of the peripheral NS
32
SG produces a
neurotransmitter that communicates with the injured part and relays it to the brain
33
In response to pain, our brain releases
endorphins and enkephalins
34
Enkephalins are
natural pain killers of the class opioids
35
The neurotransmitters released when the brain senses pain are produced by
the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus during pain, excitement, sex, and when eating spicy foods
36
Endorphins and Enkephalins attach to the SG cells _________ and prevents _________ with the injured organ or tissue
receptor sites, communication
37
Explain what happens during a runners high
During exercise, endorphins and enkephalins are released and they attach to SG receptor sites. What the runner is experiencing is a reduction of pain
38
Do sympathetic and natural painkillers use the same mechanisms?
Yes
39
What do opioids do? What are some examples? Why do people get addicted?
They prevent the pain transmitters from being made. Examples are heroin, codiene and morphine. People get addicted because since they also stop the production of natural pain killers meaning they have to be taken continuously to experience a constant affect.
40
How is opium made?
scraping and air drying the mily sap of the unripe seedpod of the opium poppy