11.3 Central Nervous System Flashcards
The brain is protected by
skull
The spinal cord is protected by
vertebrate
The brain and spinal cord are wrapped in ___ protective membranes called _________
3, meninges
____________ fills the spaces between
cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles. It also cushions the CNS
oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the brain through ________________________________
blood vessels and capillaries
A cerebrovascular accident is
a blockage of blood flow to the brain otherwise known as a stroke
The boundary between the brain and the spinal cord is where
the first pair of spinal nerves comes off the spinal cord
The mature brain has 3 major divisions
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
The part of the brain most closely associated with the spinal cord
hindbrain
The hindbrain is considered the _______ brain because its parts are well developed in fish and amphibians
primitive
The hindbrain controls
basic life activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
the hindbrain is composed of
medulla oblongata, pons, and the cerebellum
the _______ is an extension of the spinal cord
medla oblongata
the medulla oblongata contains many _______ neurons
association (interneurons)
the medulla oblongata acts like a relay system because it
sorts incoming and outgoing information
the medulla oblongata connects the _______________ and the sensory pathways to the __________________
higher parts of the brain, motor neurons
the medulla oblongata controls
breathing systems: diaphragm and muscles. Also heart rate and it regulates blood vessel diameter
Cerebellum is located right behind the
medulla oblongata
The cerebellum contains both ______ and ______ ________ that has many folds
white matter (myelinated tissue) and grey matter (unmyelinated tissue)
The cerebellum is connected by _______ to the ________ of the cerebral cortex
nerves, motor area
The cerebellum receives input from almost all of the
sensory areas of the body
The cerebellum coordinates and maintains (function)
all fine control over motor actions. It controls posture and equilibrium.
What are symptoms of damage to the cerebellum
jerky and abrupt movements, difficulty keeping balance, and slurred speech
Pons is located between
the midbrain and medulla oblongata
The nerve fibres in in Pons connect
the two sides of the cerebellum. It connects the cerebellum to parts of the cerebrum, midbrain, and lower brain centres such as the medulla oblongata.
Pons contains parts of the ________ control system
breathing
The midbrain is located above the
pons
the midbrain consists of ___ bundles of _______ matter
4, grey
the midbrain acts as a relay centre for
some of the reflexes associated with eyes and ears
Below the grey matter in the midbrain is some white matter that forms connections between the
pons, cerebellum, the spinal cord, and parts of the cerebrum
The forebrain contains the
thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
The thalamus is located above the
midbrain
the thalamus acts as a relay centre for
nerve impulses going to the cerebrum
the thalamus affects
consciousness and perception of pain levels
The hypothalamus is the control centre for many vital functions of the ____________________
autonomic nervous system
The hypothalamus plays a role in
temperature regulation and water balance
The hypothalamus is the control centre for
hunger, thirst, sexual drive
The hypothalamus regulates this part of the brain
pituitary gland
What is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by a ________________ and the two hemispheres are connected by a nerve tract called the ________________
longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
Each hemisphere is divided by _____________ into 4 lobes being ____________________
two deep grooves, parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is highly _________ thus creating a large surface area ___ times normal allowing it to contain all the _______ nerve cells which make up __% of cells in the brain
convoluted, 3, cortical, 10
a small amount of the cerebral cortex is occupied by the ______ and ______ cortexes in the
motor, sensory, parietal lobe
a large amount of the cerebral cortex is made of associative cortex which is the site of
mental activities such as conceptualization, planning, contemplation, and associative memory
The motor cortex consists of
a narrow band of nerve tissue in the parietal lobe just in front of the central fissure
the motor cortex controls the voluntary movement of
skeletal muscle (striated muscle)
impulses from the motor nerves affects muscles on what side of the brain?
opposites
The sensory cortex lies
in the band of nerve tissue in the parietal lobe behind the motor cortex
what receives input from different parts of the body (a cortex)
sensory
the sensory cortex is in close contact with the neurons for ________ on the occipital lobe, __________ on the temporal love and _________ on the frontal lobe.
vision, hearing, smell
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down to the _________ of the first Lumbar vertebrae
inferior plate
The spinal cord is divided into ___ segments, each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves that are apart of the ______ nervous system
31, peripheral
sensory nerve fibers enter by way of the _________ (afferent path) while motor impulses are carried from the cord by way of the ___________ (efferent path)
dorsal root, ventral root
The ______ connect the sensory and motor neurons together and carry messages up and down the spinal cord.
interneurons (association)
This type of neuron is apart of a reflex arc that does not involve the brain
interneuron
