11.05.2 Navigation Flashcards
Which two systems are used for en route navigation?
- Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) system - which is the oldest system.
- VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) system - which is the most common system.
What system is used for approach/landing?
Instrument Landing System (ILS) which gives information to aid landing the aircraft in poor visibility.
What are the 2 types of flight rules?
- Visual Flight Rules, VFR - Means flying in good weather conditions and with visual ground references. This is only used by small private aircraft.
- Instrument Flight rules, IFR - Means flying without visual ground references, day and night, or in bad weather conditions. These rules are used by all commercial flights.
What are the 2 norths in navigation?
- True North (TN) - Is the direction to the geographical North Pole.
- Magnetic North (MN) - Is where the magnetic field lines are gathering. In this example the two directions are 10° apart.
What is the difference between the 2 norths called?
Variation (Var) and can be east or west.
What is heading?
The direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointing is called heading (HDG) and is measured clockwise from North.
What is track?
Track (TK) is the direction in which an aircraft is moving over the Earth. It is also measured from True or Magnetic North.
What is the difference between heading and track called?
The difference between the two angles is called drift
What is relative bearing?
Relative Bearing (RB) - is measured in degrees clockwise from the longitudinal axis. 0° means that the object is straight ahead of the aircraft.
What is magnetic bearing?
Magnetic Bearing (MB) – is measured from Magnetic North.
How can you calculate magnetic bearing?
The Magnetic Bearing can be calculated by adding the Magnetic Heading to the Relative Bearing.
How can navigation tuning be carried out?
- Automatic tuning - from the Flight Management System (FMS) which is the normal way of operation.
- Manual tuning - via the FMS by selecting a frequency on the Nav radio page on the MCDU.
- Manual tuning – via the Nav Control Panel or Radio Management Panel (RMP)
What does ADF stand for?
The Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
Which bearings does ADF calculate?
The ADF receiver calculates the Relative Bearing
Where are the bearing that ADF calculates indicated?
Indicated on Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) and to the Navigation Display (ND)
What aural signal is given to the pilot with ADF?
aural output to the aircraft audio system for transmitter identification.
What are the three types of ADF station?
- Non Directional Beacons (NDB)
- Locators
- Public radio stations
What are the two types of ADF antenna?
- Loop antenna
- Sense antenna
What frequency does transponder receive interrogations?
1030MHz
What frequency does transponder transmit replies on?
1090MHz
What are the three reserved codes in ATC transponder?
- 7500 - which identifies a Hijacking
- 7600 - For radio failure and
- 7700 - If the aircraft is in an emergency.
What are the three modes of ATC operation?
STANDBY - The transponder is ON but replies are inhibited. This is the
normal mode on the ground.
- ALT RPTG (Alt Reporting) OFF - The transponder will reply only to MODE
A or MODE S interrogations, but the altitude reporting of MODE C is
inhibited.
- XPNDR - The transponder is fully operative and replies to all
interrogations.
What does the ATC XPNDR mode do?
The transponder is fully operative and replies to all interrogations.
What does the ATC ALT REPORTING OFF mode do?
The transponder will reply only to MODE A or MODE S interrogations, but the altitude reporting of MODE C is inhibited.
What does the ATC STBY mode do?
The transponder is ON but replies are inhibited. This is the normal mode on the ground.
What is TCAS used for?
TCAS monitors the trajectory of other aircraft to determine if there is any danger of a collision and provides the pilots with aural and visual advisories for a vertical avoidance manoeuvre.
What are the four groups of TCAS alerts?
- Resolution advisory group (RA),
- Traffic alert group (TA),
- Proximate traffic or
- Other traffic
What are the two protective areas in TCAS?
- Resolution advisory protection area (RA)
- Traffic alert protection area (TA)
What does a sense antenna eliminate in ADF?
The ambiguity regarding direction of station
What two ADF modes are available?
- ADF mode
- ANT mode
What does ANT mode do?
- Only the sense antenna is active.
- There is ‘NO’ relative bearing indication but the Morse code identifier is heard more clearly.
- This mode is used when the station identifier reception is weak
What signals does VOR station transmit?
- Reference signal
- Variable signal
How doe a VOR receiver calculate position from signals?
The VOR receiver compares the 2 radio signals and, from the difference, calculates the position of the aircraft relative to the VOR station
What is VOR calculate position called?
Radial
How is bearing to VOR station calculated?
the bearing to the station is always the radial plus or minus 180°
What is bearing to VOR station independent of?
Aircraft heading
In manual VOR, what is the difference between AC radial and selected radial called?
VOR deviation
In manual VOR, how is VOR deviation indicated?
by a moving deviation bar
In VOR, what is a selected radial called?
Preselected Course (PSC)
In VOR, how many degrees does each dot on the deviation bar represent?
one dot corresponds to 5 degrees
What tests can be carried out on VOR systems?
- Operational Test
- Ground Test
- System Test
Which VOR test requires a ramp test set?
System test
What does ILS do?
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides lateral and vertical position data necessary to line the aircraft up on the approach to the runway
Where are outputs of ILS fed to?
- indicators for display
- FMS and auto flight system.
How many marker beacons are there in ILS?
- Outer Marker (OM),
- Middle Marker (MM),
- Inner Marker (IM) - No longer used.
What are localizer modulation frequencies for left and right?
- Left lobe 90Hz
• Right lobe 150Hz
How many localizer channels are there?
- 40
- 108.10 to 111.95MHz
Does ILS use odd or even tenths for channels?
Odd tenths
How much deviation does 1 dot represent for localizer offset?
1 degree
What angle is glide slope centreline?
2.5° to 3°
How are glide slope channels selected?
- for each of the 40 Localizer channels there is a paired Glide slope channel
- When the pilot selects an ILS frequency from the approach chart, the Localizer receiver is directly tuned.
- The Glideslope receiver automatically tunes to the Localizers paired Glideslope frequency (channel).
What extra ILS information is shown on the PFD?
- Tuned frequency or ground station identifier if received.
- Localizer deviation
How is localiser displayed on PFD?
Localiser deviation - Displayed by a magenta diamond deviation pointer on a white, four-dot deviation scale