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Immunosero Lec (Midterm) > 1.1 Precipitation and Agglutination Part 1 > Flashcards

1.1 Precipitation and Agglutination Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Serological test is base on what binding?

A

Antigen-antibody

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2
Q

This is developed to detect either antigens or antibodies

A

Serological test

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3
Q

Serological test is base on what reaction”s”?

A

Precipitation

Agglutination

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4
Q

Reaction that is a binding of soluble antigens with antibodies forming visible, insoluble antigen-antibody complexes

A

Precipitation

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5
Q

Reaction that is a binding of particulate antigen with antigens forming larger antigen-antibody complexes

A

Agglutination

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6
Q

Result of precipitation?

A

Precipitates (IgG = Precipitin antibodies)

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7
Q

Result of agglutination?

A

Large clumps (IgM)

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8
Q

The initial force of attraction between a single Fab site and a single epitope

A

Affinity

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9
Q

Affinity is being held by what bond?

A

Non-covalent bonds

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10
Q

Strength of attraction depends on _______of antibody

A

specificity

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11
Q

In affinity, it is between oppositely charged particles

A

Ionic bonds

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12
Q

In affinity, it is a attraction between polar molecules that have a slight charge separation

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

In affinity, it is a bond between non0polar molecules that associate with one another and exclude water molecules

A

Hydrophobic bonds

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14
Q

In affinity, it is a interaction between the electron clouds oscillation dipoles

A

Van der Waals forces

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15
Q

A phenomenon where antibodies can react with antigens resembling the original antigen that induced antibody production

A

Cross-reactivity

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16
Q

NOTE:
High affinity indicates a “Perfect fit” (Perfect lock and key fit)

Low affinity indicates not perfect fit but can attach

A
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17
Q

Represents the overall strength of antigen-antibody binding

Sum of the affinities of all the individual antigen-antibody combining sites

A

Avidity

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18
Q

This can compensate for low affinity

A

High avidity

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19
Q

Curve that tells the optimal reaction depends on the relative proportions

A

Precipitation curve

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20
Q

Equal number of multivalent sites of antigens and antibodies

A

Zone of equivalence

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21
Q

Antibody excess

A

Prozone phenomenon

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22
Q

Antigen excess

A

Postzone phenomenon

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23
Q

Formation of visible lattice between antigen and antibodies

A

Lattice hypothesis

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24
Q

How to resolve prozone

A

Dilute the sample to decrease antibodies

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25
Q

If patient serum is used how to resolve if the result is post zone?

A

Repeat

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26
Q

What are the 2 immunodiffusion techniques?

A

Passive
Electrophoretic

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27
Q

A single diffusion technique used for quantitation of antibodies and other serum proteins like complement

Antiserum is embedded in agar

A

Radial immunodiffusion

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28
Q

Antibodies that targets other antibodies

A

Antiglobulins

29
Q

What is the reaction for radial immunodiffusion?

A

Precipitation

30
Q

A type of Radial immunodiffusion where antigen is allowed to fully diffuse to achieve maximum precipitation

End-point method

A

Mancini method

31
Q

The incubation period in Mancini method depends on the ?

A

Molecular weight and concentration analytes

32
Q

What is the incubation period of IgG in Mancini method?

A

24 hrs

33
Q

What is the incubation period of IgM in Mancini method?

A

50-72 hrs

34
Q

How to get the concentration of Mancini method?

A

Square of diameter

35
Q

A type of Radial immunodiffusion where measurement are taken before the point of equivalence is reached

Kinetic method

A

Fahey-McKelvey method

36
Q

Fahey-McKelvey method incubation period after to be read?

A

18 hrs

37
Q

How to measure the diameter of Fahey-McKelvey method

A

Log concentration

38
Q

Both antigen and antibody diffuse independently through semisolid medium in two dimensions

A

Ouchterlony Double diffusion

39
Q

Determines if antigens share identical epitopes by placing a multispecific antibody in the central well and different antigens in the surrounding wells

A

Ouchterlony double diffusions

40
Q

In Ouchterlony double diffusion, the control antigen is similar to a patient antigen which forms a smooth curve

A

Identity

41
Q

What type of antibody is used in ouchterlony?

A

Multispecific antibody

42
Q

What are the antigens is used in ouchterlony?

A

Patient and control

43
Q

In ouchterlony, patient antigen is not the same to the control antigen which forms intersecting precipitation lines

A

Non-identity

44
Q

In ouchterlony, patient antigen is not the same but has common antigenic determinants to the control antigen which forms spur formation

A

Partial identity

45
Q

A specific type of precipitation reaction that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentrations

Antigen consists of very fine particles that clump together in a positive reaction

A

Flocculation

46
Q

Veneral disease Research laboratory Test and rapid plasma reagin test is a SCREENING TEST for?

A

Syphilis

47
Q

Separates molecules according to differences in the electric charges when placed in an electric field

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

48
Q

incubation in electrophoresis?

A

18-24 hrs

49
Q

Involves addition of antigen and antibodies separately on two wells cut in a gel plate and placed in an electrical field

A

Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis

50
Q

What is the pH for countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis when antigen migrates

A

8.6

51
Q

Antigen migrates towards the anode and the antibody migrates toward the cathode?

T or F?

A

T

52
Q

What reaction occurs in the equivalence in countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis?

A

Precipitation

53
Q

Useful in detecting autoantibodies, antibodies to infectious agents, and certain microbial agents

A

Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis

54
Q

Wells should be paralled in coutercurrent immunoelectrophoresis?

T or F

A

True

55
Q

Antiserum is applied directly to the gel’s surface rather than placed in a trough

Useful in demonstrating antigens in serum, urine, or CSF in low concentration

A

Immunofixation electrophoresis

56
Q

Antigen-antibody reaction takes place in less than ?

A

hour

57
Q

A one dimension electroimmunodiffusion that is used to quantitate antigens other than immunoglobuins

A

Rocket immunoelectrophoresis

58
Q

Antiserum is incorporated in the agar and the unknown antigen is place in the well and electrophoresed (Rocket)

T or F

A

T

59
Q

Total distance of antigen migration and precipitation is directly proportional to antigen concentration?

A

T

60
Q

2 typw of light scatter measurement?

A

Turbidimetry
Nephlometry

61
Q

Measures the reduction in light intensity caused by reflection absorption or scatter

A

Turbidimetry

62
Q

What is being used to measure in turbidimetry?

A

Spectophotometry

63
Q

Measures light scattered in a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension

A

Nephelometry

64
Q

Provides accurate and precise quantitation of serum proteins at a lower cost and small sample requirement

A

Nephelometry

65
Q

Involves suspended particulates antigens rather than soluble or colloidal antigens

A

Agglutination

66
Q

Temp for IgM?

A

RT or 4C

67
Q

Temp for IgG?

A

Warm

68
Q

Reaction where antibodies and antigen binds

A

Sensitization

69
Q

Antigens are naturally attach to larger particulate carrier such as Widal test and ABO groupings

A

Direct agglutination

Immunosero Lec (Midterm) (10 decks)

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