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Clinical Psychology > 11: Nature, self + development > Flashcards

11: Nature, self + development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the system phenomena?

A
  • system organises the group

- group organises the individual

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2
Q

How did Macy (1991) define “The self”?

A

metaphor

  • we can decide to limit it to our skin, our person, our family, our organisation or our species
  • We can select its boundaries in objective reality
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3
Q

What are the different levels of self?

A
  1. Personal
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Ecological

within one another

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4
Q

What is the 2 model of the human self from an infant’s perspective according to the developmental psychological theory?

A
  1. Ecological self
  2. Interpersonal self
    = relational self
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5
Q

What is the ecological self (Naess, 1985)?

A
  • sense of self that extends beyond one’s biographic or personal sense of self
  • to include other life-forms
  • Supported by Biophilia
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6
Q

What is biophilia (Wilson, 1984)?

A

Human being have an innate affiliation w/ the natural world

- fundamental to well-being

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7
Q

What is the interpersonal self (Winnicott, 1953)?

A

Sense of self shared with other people

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8
Q

What does the relational self mean?

A
  • humans are embodied
  • self is psyche-soma (Winnicott, 1954)
  • physical experiences
  • non-conceptual connectedness of human beings to each other + their environment = Seeing, hearing, feeling, touch
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9
Q

Relational self is the foundation for what (Neisser, 1993)?

A

is foundation for other forms of self-knowledge are built (Neisser, 1993)
- imaginative self = narrative self

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10
Q

Is the mental self-concept separate from the body?

A

not separate from body - emerges and stays connected to body

  • mind = elaboration of somatic parts, feelings + physical aliveness
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11
Q

What is true self (continuity of being) is based on the growth of what?

A

Psyche-soma growth

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12
Q

Describe how a false self develops?

A
  • being overly identified with the mind
  • happens when there is an abnormal environmental
    = opposition between mind+ psyche-soma
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13
Q

What happens when there is an opposition between mind + psyche-soma?

A

thinking then doesn’t start relating to the environment - takes in charge of taking care of the psyche-soma
= not needing external world
= mind-psyche = pathology

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14
Q

What are some examples of mind-psyche?

A

negative schemas
mind wandering/ rumination
Disembodiment

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15
Q

What was found when anorexia patients were asked to take part in body yoga + mindfulness VS psychoeducation?

A

reported feeling more…

  • at one with their body
  • at one with self
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16
Q

What do modern developmental psychologist say about the importance of interpersonal + ecological self after the self-concept has developed?

A

once self-concept has developed, the interpersonal + ecological self become less important
= so self defined as self-concept
= thoughts, feelings, actions

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17
Q

What cultural difference did they find when Japanese and Americans did the who are u test?

A 
Japan = more relational self = I am a human being
VS USA (Cousins, 1989)
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18
Q

What was found when self-awareness between Scottish + Zambian children were tested (Ross et al, 2017)?

A

different culture growing up with different concept of self

Urban Scottish = better at conceptual self-recognition

Rural Zambian = better at relational self-recognition

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19
Q

How can you test for self-awareness of conceptual self in infants?

A

mirror recognition test

  • can they recognise themselves?
  • often only when 24 months can do = idea of me has developed
20
Q

How can you test for self-awareness of relational self in infants?

A

shopping cart with blanket with them being an obstacle

21
Q

What are systems?

A

composed of units that have some relationship to each other and are organised around those relationships

22
Q

What does human nature mean?

A
  • our interdependent relationship with nature + family

- cannot escape of the impressions of relationships

23
Q

What difference was observed between the Scottish + Zambian infants - potential explanation for results?

A

Scottish infant = more language used

Zambia = more body communication

xp = consciousness about self

24
Q

To be creative, what do you need time to do according to Gopnik (2009)?

A

time to build knowledge about yourself

- ideally childhood

25
Q

Why do comments such as “What a good girl, pretty girl” = develop their concept of self?

A

= see self as an objective thought
= illusion that you have xp it = self continues to exist without direct contact with psyche-soma = self no longer xp but an idea = concept

what u did to get the praise = forgotten but the comment remembered

26
Q

In what way may the early emergence of self concept = development of false self?

A
  • not incorporating the accumulated knowledge into self-concept
  • BUT depends on ecology
27
Q

What factor determines whether the self is stable?

A

If ecology is stable

Naess, 1985

28
Q

What does attachment tell us?

A
  • interpersonal ecology (self)

- quality of caregiver relationship = first key relationship

29
Q

In what ways is modern caregiving becoming increasingly divergent from human nest (Hewitt + Lamb, 2005)?

A
  • household size decreasing
  • increased divorce rate
  • working parents
  • outdoor play time
  • less breastfeeding
30
Q

What did Harlow’s Infant Rhesus monkey find and suggest about infants?

A
  • infants going to clothed mother even when it didn’t have food
    = Infant born with a drive to attach (Bowlby, 1960)
31
Q

What is human nest + why is it important (Narvaez et al, 2013)?

A

ecology = promoted secure attachment

32
Q

Describe some human nest characteristics

A
  1. Soothing perinata xp (no separation from mother)
  2. Breastfeeding on request/ nursed frequently for 2-5 years
  3. Affectionate touch
  4. Responsivity
  5. Free play
  6. Social embeddedness

Emphasis on shared bodily experiences, not so much emphasis on language

33
Q

What did Konarth et al (2014) fins about the trend of attachment?

A
  • growing trend towards greater insecure attachment in the last 10-15 years
  • students saying they are okay with no close relationship
34
Q

How did insecurely attached children perform in mirror self-recognition + its relationship with mental illness?

A
  • higher mirror self-recognition test passing at earlier age = link between attachment + self-recognition (Concept self) = both linked to mental illness
35
Q

What are the different ways wider ecological changes have been linked to health?

A
  • climate change + pollution (Hayes et al, 2018)
  • Relocation
  • Dramatic loss of wildlife populations (WWF, 2018)
36
Q

What do the different way in wider ecological changes have been linked to health tells us about our belief of self (David Bohm, 1994)?

A

= locating self in mind = self-centered = not treating thought objectively = destruction of the system = negative ecological changes

37
Q

So how can we embed the isolated self concept back to ecological self?

A
  1. Attention restoration theory

2. Family therapy

38
Q

What is the attention restoration theory?

A

2 types of attention

  1. Direct - lots of effort + voluntary
  2. Indirect - little effort since natural

when you go out side in nature = fascination = indirect attention employed
VS everyday environment = needs lots of directed attention

nature = better for urban fatigue recovery

39
Q

What did Hatig et al (1991) find when they sent backpacker on a wilderness VS urban VS no vacation on their proof reading performance?

A
  • Wilderness = better result in proof reading task VS Decline in rest = affecting cognitive
  • nothing on mood
40
Q

What did Hatig et al (1991) find when they sent ppt on an urban VS nature walk on their proof reading performance?

A

nature walk = better performance

41
Q

What type of setting did Ulrich et al (1991) find to produce a greater stress recovery response?

A

Natural setting

42
Q

What type of picture = less post-operative anxiety during open-heart surgery (Ulrich et al, 1990)?

A

Nature pictures

VS abstract/ no pictures

43
Q

What evidence is there supporting the use of animal therapy?

A

Human contact with animals promotes physiological health + emotional well-being
- autism, depression, substance use, trauma

44
Q

What is the idea of family therapy based on?

A

family being made up of an interrelated set of individuals (system ties individuals together)
- behaviour of each individual within the system influences other members

45
Q

What did Minuchin (1974) say about family?

A

Family is the matrix of selfhood

46
Q

What did the London Depression Intervention Trial by Leff et al (2000) find the differences were between couple therapy vs medication for the treatment of depression?

A
  • couples therapy better accepted as there were less dropped out
  • quicker + enduring decrease in depression

Clinical Psychology (17 decks)

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