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Clinical Psychology > 10: Self, Identity + Personality Disorders > Flashcards

10: Self, Identity + Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

In what ways can you define personality?

A
  1. Latin ‘persona’ = mask = performance
  2. Greek = mark impressed on a coin

= something you develop over time

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2
Q

What are the 2 extreme views of personality?

A
  1. Carl Jung - relational being

- de-individuation = wearing a mask = personality - since they aren’t able to be self-aware

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3
Q

What did Carl Jung think personality came from?

A
  1. self = observable + non-observable self but unaware
  2. So all people the same (relational beings)
  3. only when we are aware of self = personality
  4. Different personality traits = due to being aware of different parts of self
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4
Q

What is the difference between individuation VS deindividuation according to Carl Jung?

A

individuidation = self-realisation - if everyone was fully aware = no personality

de-individuation = wearing a mask = personality - since they aren’t able to be self-aware

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5
Q

According to Carl Jung, how do we lose ourself?

A

when we identify ourself with something - become one of the people in the crowd

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6
Q

What is the social construtivism theory of personality?

A
  • personality constructed from the relationships you have

= people have no permanent + context-free personality types

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7
Q

According to the social constructivism theory, why are our personalities self-centered?

A

becasue western societies emphasise on the individual - the relationships we have are self-centred = focusing on internal traits = personality traits
- SO personality constructed + exist in language that others use to refer to you

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8
Q

Why do social constructivist theoriest think we shouldn’t construct out personality from relationships we have?

A

=shouldn’t really do it as we are limiting ourself

  • by adopting fixed personalities that aren’t true
  • there are no such thing
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9
Q

How did Allport (1961) define personality?

A

biological tendencies which we inherent = determine personalities
- temperament

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10
Q

How did Funder (2001) define personality?

A

emphasise on characteristic patters of thought, emotion + behaviour = personality

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11
Q

How did Feist + Feist (2009) define personality?

A

pattern of relatively permanent traits = consistency + individuality to a person’s behaviour

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12
Q

Personality in the mainstream psychology, refers to traits that are somewhat malleable. Which traits are thought to be generally enduring characteristics of an individual person that correlate to stable behaviour patterns?

A

Eysenck, 1991

  1. Extraversion vs Introversion
  2. Neuroticism vs emotional stability
  3. Psychoticism
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13
Q

What are the big 5 theory of personality (Goldberg, 1993)?

A
  1. Openness to xp
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
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14
Q

Where does the idea of enduring traits/ core personality come from?

A

developmental psy:

  • Individual difference in behaviour + disposition emerge early (Caspi + Roberts, 2010)
  • suggesting inheritable part
  • Some adult personality traits have a basis in infant temperament
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15
Q

How to measure temperament and why?

What did Kagan, 1997

A
  • reliable as can be seen from early age

- put them into unfamiliar situations and see how they respond

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16
Q

What did kagan (1997) find when infants were introduced to something new in their reactivity?

A
  1. 20% caucasion infants = high reactivity
    - biased to be shy + quiet + fearful
  2. 40% caucasian infants = low reactivity
    - biased to be extraverts, high-risk, talkative
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17
Q

What has the high VS low reactivity in infants been related to?

A

different thresholds of amygdala excitability
(Schwartz et al, 2010)

HIGH = low amygdala threshold (little stimulation needed)
LOW = high amygdala threshold
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18
Q

What did Kagan find early temperament was associated with?

A

LT association w/

  • sociability
  • risk-taking
  • proneness to anxiety
  • depression
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19
Q

What was found in Kagan’s study about the different temperamental children at the age of 14/21 months when they were put in an unfamiliar lab situation?

A
  • 1/3 of high reactives = highly fearful

- 1/3 of low reactives = minimally fearful

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20
Q

What did Kagan find about the relationship between reactivity and smiling + talkativeness at 4.5 yrs of age with a stranger?

A

low reactivity = more smiling + talkative

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21
Q

Adult social phobia is more frequent among which group: high/ low reactivity?

A

highly reactivity

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22
Q

What did Kagan + Snidman (2004) conclude about personality?

A
  • can change outside persona but physiological biases retained
  • temperamental biases show stability
  • Outcomes are moderate by environment
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23
Q

What is temperament related to?

A
  1. Attachment
    - high reactivity = more energy needed to care for (Bell et al, 1971)
  2. Adult personality traits
    (Brebner + Stough, 1993)
  3. career paths
    - high reactivity = solitary vocations
    (Kagan + Snidman, 2004)
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24
Q

What is the Free trait Theory (Little, 2008)?

A

2 parts of personality

  • in some situations you can suspend your first nature only when meaningful for you
    1. First nature - bio disposition which are more important (nature)
    2. Second nature - social ecology which are more important (nurture)
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25
Q

What does the Free trait Theory (Little) say about extraversion?

A
  • a heriditary trait
  • but can also be constructed socially when the environment forces them
    = conflict between first + second nature

= unhealthy personality + problems

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26
Q

What are personal projects?

A

are suspension we can make with our first nature and adopt free traits when we think would be beneficial/ good for our well-being
= called free trait theory

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27
Q

How does an unhealthy personality arise according to Litte Free trait theory?

A

no balance between first + second nature

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28
Q

What are the aspects of a healthy personality?

A
  1. Set of core traits that promote positive self-image + support relationships + societal function
  2. Stability over time
  3. Flexibility + adaptive expression
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29
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A
  • impairments in self + interpersonal functioning

- presence of pathological personality traits

30
Q

To diagnose a PD, what criterias have to be met?

A
  1. Significant impairments in self + interpersonal functioning
  2. 1/+ pathological personality trait domains or trait facets
  3. Impairment in personality functioning + individual’s personality trait expression are relatively stable across time + consistent across situations
31
Q

The DSM next time is looking to eradicate PD for what reasons?

A
  1. labelling what is healthy + unhealthy is very subjection

2. Personality may lie on a continuum

32
Q

What are the different clusters of PD?

A
  1. Cluster A
  2. Cluster B
  3. Cluster C
33
Q

What characterises cluster A PD?

A

odd, bizarre, eccentric

  • Schizoid PD
  • Schizotypal PD
34
Q

What characterises cluster B PD?

A

Dramatic, erratic

  • Antisocial PD
  • Borderline PD
35
Q

What characterises cluster C PD?

A

Anxious, fearful

  • Avoidant PD
  • Dependent PD
36
Q

Why do people often start with one PD and drift into another?

high co-morbidity
and only when these

A
  • clusters separation not really backed up by scientific evidence
  • just historical observations
37
Q

In what context do people with PD come into contact with mental health services?

A
  • usually when another psychological disorder is present

- since it does have high co-morbidity

38
Q

Diagnosis of PD only occur when personality traits are inflexible + maladaptive + causes significant functional impairment or subjective distress. Give some examples?

A
  1. Failure to establish stable + integrated representation of self
  2. Interpersonal dysfunction
    - failure to develop capacity for intimacy + attachment
    BUT could be the other person ya know :/
39
Q

What is the prevalence of PD in gen population?

A
  • 4.4%

- among self harm patients = 4.7 % (higher)

40
Q

What are the key traits of BPD?

A
  1. Emotional liability
  2. Impulsivity
  3. Separation insecurity
  4. Attention-seeking
  5. Hostility
  6. Suspiciousness
41
Q

What are the key 4 aspects of BPD?

A
  1. Affective
  2. Cognitive
  3. Impulsive
  4. Interpersonal
42
Q

Describe the affective aspect of BPD

A
  • Emotional sensitivity
  • mood instability
  • chronic feelings of emptiness
    EG inappropriate anger/ hostility
43
Q

Describe the cognitive aspect of BPD

A
  • stress-related paranoia
  • dissociation
  • b/w thinking
44
Q

Describe the impulsive aspect of BPD

A
  • Self-mutilation

- suicidal efforts

45
Q

Describe the interpersonal aspect of BPD

A
  • intense
  • unstable
  • conflicted interpersonal relationships
  • frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
46
Q

What is the prevalence of BPD?

A
  • 1/2%
  • is the most common PD in psychiatric services
  • 51% of in-patient w/ PD,
  • 27% out-patient with PD
47
Q

Females with BPD have a high risk of what?

A

being incarcerated

- Female prisoners w/ BPD significantly over-represneted in the prison population (Singleton et al, 1998)

48
Q

How does an emotional response between a BPD and normal person compare?

A

same stimuli =

  • greater emotional response
  • longer lasting
  • takes longer for recovery back to base line

BPD = lower threshold for emotional response

49
Q

What is the biosocial model explaining the development of BPD?

A

Nature x nurture

  1. Biological predisposition for emotional sensitivity
  2. Environmental events = trigger
50
Q

What is the suggested concordance rate between twins for BPD?

A

MZ = 35%
DZ = 7%
(Torgersen et al, 2000)

51
Q

What is the genetic component thought to be in BPD?

A

Emotional sensitivity
- low amygdala threshold
- Temperamental biases
(Corwell et al, 2009)

52
Q

What evidence is there supporting the temperamental biases in BPD?

A
  1. High reactivity = BPD
    (Hopwood et al, 2012)
  2. Parent+ teacher reports predicted BPD at age 14/19)
    (Stepp et al, 2014)
  3. Infant emotionality related to BPD symptoms at age 28
    (Carlson et al, 2009)
53
Q

What is BPD most strongly predicted by (Castillo, 2003)?

A

Childhood abuse…

  1. sexual 70%
  2. emotional 87%
  3. Violent 51%
54
Q

What is invalidation?

A

parents pervasively negating/ dismissing child’s feelings + behaviours
- independent of actual validity of the child’s feelings or behaviours

55
Q

Give examples of invalidation

A
  1. Failing to acknowledge child’s emotional xp
    - you aren’t upset
  2. Inconsistent with response to child
    - loving then not loving
  3. Consistent but responds inappropriately
    - cut = bad, death = not so bad
56
Q

What are thought to be the consequences of invalidation?

A
  • limited opportunity to express + learn to understand/ trust their emotions
  • oscillation between…
    1. withholding emotions to gain acceptance
    2. emotional outbursts to have feelings validated
57
Q

What is the vicious cycle created by invalidation by parents?

A
  1. Invalidation by parents
  2. Child emotional outburst/ suppression
  3. Child emotional dysregulation
  4. Increased emotional demand
    - then back to 1
58
Q

What causes insecure attachment and why is it significant (Bowlby, 1969)?

A
  • unreliable + inconsistent parenting
    = disturbed internal working model
    = becomes components of individual’s personality structure
    = tent to stay stable over time
59
Q

How does attachment relate to BPD?

A
  • strong associations between attachment insecurity + BPD
    (levy et al, 2005)
  • unable to elicit support from caregiver when distressed
  • avoidant + sensitive to rejection
60
Q

Extended maternal separations before 5 years of age predicted what?

A

BPD symptoms in adolescence

Crawford et al, 2006

61
Q

What is object relations theory?

A
  • Argues individuals w/ BPD have
  • received inadequate support + love from important figures
    = weak ego which is likely to lead to a fear of rejection, low self-esteem + unstable representation
62
Q

What is the ego structure?

A
  • grows + emerges out of early relationships

- adaptive ego structures is built-up + emerges in responsive + consistent environment

63
Q

What is splitting?

A
  • An element of object relations theory
  • argues individuals w/ weak egos engage in defence mechanisms
  • by which they evaluate people, events or things in a completely b/w way

= child unable to combine satisfying + unsatisfying aspects of parents into the same individual

64
Q

What is the consequences of splitting?

A
  • doe not develop normal self-boundaries
  • inconsistencies/ ambiguities cannot be tolerated
  • sense of self severely disturbed
65
Q

What makes the treatment of BPD difficult?

A
  1. Emotional sensitivity
  2. Abus
  3. Mistrust
  4. Co-morbidity
66
Q

What approaches are taken to treat BPD?

A
  1. Medication
  2. Groups
    - Support, art, family therapy
  3. Individual
    - Schema therapy
    - Cognitive-Analytical therapy (CAT)
    - Metallisation-based therapy
  4. Individual + group therapy
    - DBT
67
Q

What is DBT?

A

Dialectical behaviour Therapy

  • quite specific to emotionally sensitive BPD individuals
  • accepting their hyper sensitivity
  • designed to reconnect in their lives
  • help learn problem-solving skills
  • to combine reasonable mind with emotional mind = wise mind
  • combination of CBT + mindfulness
  • emphasis on both therapist + client practice mindfulness together
68
Q

What did Linehan et al (1991) find when patients were randomly assigned to DBT vs TAU?

A
  • decrease in self-mutilation acts
  • decrease in hospitalisation days
  • lower anger scores + improvements in social adjustment
69
Q

How could oxytocin be used for the treatment of BPD?

A
  • intranasally administrated
  • produces closeness + co-operation among non-clinical ppt

(De dreu et al, 2010)

70
Q

Why could oxytocin be used for the treatment of BPD?

A

Using oxytocin to secure the feeling of security + trust

- used along side psychotherapy?

Clinical Psychology (17 decks)

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