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Clinical Psychology > 1: History of mental Health perspectives and Treatment approaches > Flashcards

1: History of mental Health perspectives and Treatment approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A
  • Mental illness caused by several interrelating factors
    • Bio = genetic predisposition, brain abnormality
    • Psy = disturbed childhood, dysfunctional thinking pattern
    • Social = environmental stressors, relationship difficulties
      ○ Now adopted by most mainstream practitioners for treatment/ care
    • Attempt to provide more holistic approach with understanding mental disorders + address ads/dis of considering from just one approach
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2
Q

What is the social constructionist approach to mental illness?

A
  • Idea of what constitutes mental illness are tied in to the social, cultural, religious and individual factors
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3
Q

Prehistorically, what was the typical explanation for mental illness and what evidence is there showing how they were treated?

A
  • Demonic possession
    • Treated using Trepanning –> hole in skulls
    • Currently practiced by some communities today
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4
Q

What is trepanning?

A
  • A form of surgery involving a hole being made in the skull of living individuals
    • A form of treatment for mental illness (demonic roots)
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5
Q

What was Paul Broca’s explanation for trepanning?

A
  • Holes = allows demonic energy/ evil spirits to escape

- Often when dead = skull broken up and used as amulets

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6
Q

How does the Bible portray mental illness/ madness compared to prehistoric ideas of demonic possession?

A
  • An affliction bestowed on individuals by God as a punishment for sin
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7
Q

What is lycanthropy?

A
  • Condition where an individual believes they are an animal
    • King Nebuchadnezzar
    • Psychiatry literature = associated with other conditions (sz, depression)
      Psychodynamic = transformation represents the manifestation of primitive id instincts - escape guilt feelings
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8
Q

Who is Prophet Ezekiel?

A
  • Jewish priest = Hearing voices + catatonic movements

Contemporary authors suggest sz

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9
Q

Why does Cook (2012) cautions against the examination of biblical figures using modern diagnostic criteria?

A

Because contemporary authors will not have a full appreciation of the cultural context within which these individuals, and stories about them, derive

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10
Q

What changes occurred during the Greek and Roman era?

A
  • Shift towards a more rational and systematic approach to madness
    • Plato = madness a result of disconnection between the rational mind and the irrational chest
    • Parallel to conflict with id and ego
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11
Q

What were the distinction within madness made by Plato - fist of its kind?

A
  1. Melancholia (sadness/ depression)
    1. Mania (mental excitement)
    2. Dementia (declining mental faculties)
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12
Q

What are Humours?

A
  • Fluids which were thought to be present in the body in differing quantities: Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Blood and Phlegm
    • An imbalance = madness
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13
Q

What did Hippocrates promote in-terms of the origin of madness?

A
  • imbalance of fluids (humours) = different types of madness
    • Ex black bile = melancholia
    • Ex Yellow bile = anxiety + impulsiveness
    • Ex Blood = mania
    • Ex Phlegm = Emotional indifference
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14
Q

What was Hippocrates the first physician to describe?

A
  • Puerperal Psychosis - psychosis that sometimes occurs after childbirth
    • Thought madness was caused by the womb travelling to the brain LOL
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15
Q

What treatment did the ancient Greeks use to treat madness?

A
  • Both psychological + physiological treatments
    • Psychological - reward-base approach, persuasion
    • Physiological - relaxation, whipping, forced cold baths
      Believed it to be a private family matter and really let loose as long as they were not being a nuisance
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16
Q

What was the understanding of madness/ mental illness during the middle ages?

A
  • Shift back to theoretical/ superstitious understanding
    • Emphasis on faith –> punishment from God for sinning
    • Test of faith, witch curse, active agents for the devil
17
Q

According to their understanding of mental illness, how were they treated?

A

No treatment = just executed by burning, drowning, hanging

18
Q

What may have exacerbated the theoretical/ superstitious belief of madness?

A

Highly influential book (Malleus Maleficarum) stated that if you did not believe in the reality of witchcraft + existence of the devil = heretic thereby at risk of trial and execution themselves

19
Q

What role did the Dutch Physician Johann Weyer have in shifting the understanding of mental illness to rediscover the rational understanding (Humoral Theory + systematic approach) ?

A
  • Published book ‘The Deception of Demons’ discussing that actually some of the ‘witches’ may just have been mentally ill and proposed explanations for some of their behaviour
    • Resulting in the mad less likely to be accused of witchcraft
20
Q

Following the shift in the understanding of madness stemming from Johann Weyer, how were those mentally ill treated?

A
  • Often just looked after within community but those who are considered troublesome put into asylums = asylum era
21
Q

Who were sent to asylums when they first popped up?

A
  • Anyone of nuisance to society = prisoners, prostitutes, poor, mentally ill
22
Q

How did institution diversification come about from asylums?

A
  • Since everyone was there they could not tell who were okay to work and who were not
    = madhouses, prisons, almshouse
23
Q

What were the treatments used in asylums?

A
  • Physiological remedies - blood clotting, forced vomiting
    • More experimental methods - spinning chair
    • Early form of shock therapy?
24
Q

What is the social approach to madness ?

A
  • A prominent explanation in America during the 19th C
    • Considered madness caused from a range of social factors eg poor parenting, social deprivation
    • Treatment focused on promoting order, structure and responsibility
25
Q

Why was there an increase in the number of asylums in America?

A
  • A social approach taken
    • Reported higher figures of people being cured
      Social cures = belief that it is working
26
Q

What are some problems with the asylums in America during this time?

A
  • Reports of patients not reliable since only reported thos who were cured + same person cured and readmitted 48 times
    Asylums = overpopulation often with immigrants to impose their ‘rules’/ normal behaviour
27
Q

What was the consequence of asylums becoming over-populated?

A

Purpose of institution = one of containment, restraint + general subjugation

28
Q

What is Grandiose Delusion?

A
  • When an individual believes that they have a special purpose in life eg save the world/ be famous
29
Q

What role did the Grandiose Delusion have in the development of understanding mental illness/ madness?

A
  • This mental illness was related to the syphilis bacteria
    • Giving indication that some mental health problems were of biological origin rather than spiritual/ social
      Placing understanding + treatment of mental health in the medical domain
30
Q

What is hysteria?

A
  • Coined by Jean-Martin Charcot

- Term used to describe individuals whose emotional trauma appeared to result in physical symptoms

31
Q

What is at the centre of Freud’s theory?

A
  • Idea that human mind contains competing drives which are shaped by childhood experiences
32
Q

What did Freud believe was the cause of hysteria?

A

Consequence of the unconscious interplay between the different facets of the personality

33
Q

What is the case of Anna O showing the cause and treatment for hysteria?

A
  • Drank lots of fluids via high in water content fruits
    • During hypnosis, where unconscious thoughts/ desires uncovered = saw dog drink out of cup = disgusted
    • Therapy = recognition of their unconscious thoughts + feelings = problem dissipate
    • Recognition leads to recovery

Clinical Psychology (17 decks)

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