102 - ch 12 Flashcards
Relative pronouns are used to … two sentences or clauses that …
e.g. sentence 1: mis padres me regalaron la aspiradora. sentence 2: la aspiradora funciona muy bien. Together they become: la aspiradora que mis padres me regalaron funciona muy bien
combine;
share a common element
spanish has three frequently used relative pronouns:
…
…
…
que;
quien(es);
lo que
relative pronouns never carry a …
written accent
que can refer to … or to …
quien refers only to … and is often used after a … or the …
things; people; people; preposition; personal a;
quien is occasionally used instead of que in clauses …
e.g.
Lola, quien es cubana, es médica. Su tía, que es alemana, ya llegó.
set off by commas
unlike que and quien, lo que doesn’t refer to a …. It refers to an …, a …, or a …
specific noun;
idea;
situation;
past event;
lo que means …, …, or …
what;
that which;
the thing that
the usted and ustedes commands, like the negative tu commands, are formed by dropping the final o of the yo form in the present tense. For -ar verbs, add … or … For er and it verbs add … or …
e;
en;
a;
an
(formal commands) verbs with irregular yo forms ... the irregularity in their formal commands. These verbs include: conducir conocer decir hacer ofrecer oír poner salir tener traducir traer venir ver
maintain
(formal commands) verbs maintain their …
stem changes
(formal commands) verbs ending in car, gar, and zar have spelling changes in the command forms: c --> ... g --> ... z --> ...
qu;
gu;
c;
(formal commands)
to make a formal command negative, simply place … before the verb
in affirmative commands, pronouns are always … In negative commands, these pronouns always …
no;
attached to the end of the verb;
precede the verb
(formal commands) when a pronoun is attached to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables, an .. is added to maintain the original stress
usted and ustedes can be used with the command forms to strike a more formal tone. in such instances, they follow the …
accent mark;
command form
the indicative is used to state … and to express actions or states that the speaker considers to be … and …
facts;
real;
definite
the subjunctive mood expresses the speaker’s attitudes toward …, as well as actions/states the speaker views as …/….
events;
uncertain;
hypothetical
subjunctive endings - ar verbs: ... ... ... ... ... ...
e; es; e; emos; éis; en
subjunctive endings - er and ir verbs: ... ... ... ... ... ...
a; as; a; amos; áis; an
(subjunctive) subjunctive is mainly used to express: 1. ... and ... 2. ... 3. ..., ... and ... 4. ... and ...
will; influence;
emotion;
doubt; disbelief; denial;
indefiniteness; nonexistence
(subjunctive) these impersonal expressions are always followed by clauses in the subjunctive: .... .... .... ... ... ...
es bueno que; es mejor que; es malo que; es importante que; es necesario que; es urgente que
verbs of will and influence are often used when someone wants to affect the …/… of other people
actions/behavior
some impersonal expressions, such as …, …, … and … are considered expressions of will or influence
es necesario que;
es importante que;
es mejor que;
es urgente que
when the main clause contains an expression of will/influence, the …. is required in the subordinate clause, provided that the two clauses have …
subjunctive;
different subjects
verbs of will and influence:
- …
- …
- …
- ….
aconsejar;
desear;
importar;
insistir (en)
verbs of will and influence:
- …
- …
- …
- …
mandar;
necesitar;
pedir;
preferir
verbs of will and influence:
- …
- …
- …
- …
- …
prohibir; querer; recomendar; rogar; sugerir
… are often used with the verbs aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir, prohibir, recomendar, rogar, and sugerir
indirect object pronouns
the … is used with words/expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence
infinitive
