101-200 Flashcards
bond
Noun
1
a relationship between people or groups based on shared feelings, interests, or experiences.
there was a bond of understanding between them
2
a connection between two surfaces or objects that have been joined together, especially by means of an adhesive substance, heat, or pressure.
there was no effective bond between the concrete and the steel
Verb
1
join or be joined securely to something else, especially by means of an adhesive substance, heat, or pressure.
press the material to bond the layers together
Border
Noun
1
a line separating two political or geographical areas, especially countries.
border patrols
2
the edge or boundary of something, or the part near it.
the northern border of their distribution area
Verb
1
form an edge along or beside (something).
a pool bordered by palm trees
bother
Verb
1
take the trouble to do something.
scientists rarely bother with such niceties
2
(of a circumstance or event) worry, disturb, or upset (someone).
is there an issue that bothers you so much you’d campaign against it?
Noun
1
effort, worry, or difficulty.
he saved me the bother of having to come up with a speech
زحمت
breast
Noun
1
either of the two soft, protruding organs on the upper front of a woman’s body that secrete milk after pregnancy.
Verb
1
face and move forward against or through (something).
I watched him breast the wave
breathe
Verb
1
take air into the lungs and then expel it, especially as a regular physiological process.
breathe in through your nose
نفس کشیدن
bride
Noun
1
a woman on her wedding day or just before and after the event.
the bride and groom left early last night
brief
Adjective
1
of short duration.
Noun
1
a concise statement or summary.
their comments were cribbed right from industry briefs
Verb
1
instruct or inform (someone) thoroughly, especially in preparation for a task.
she briefed him on last week’s decisions
bright
Adjective
1
giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining.
her bright, dark eyes
Adverb
LITERARY
1
luminously.
a full moon shining bright
brilliant
Adjective
1
(of light or color) very bright and radiant.
brilliant sunshine illuminated the scene
2
exceptionally clever or talented.
a brilliant young mathematician
Noun
1
a diamond of brilliant cut.
an elegant necklace with four rows of brilliants
broadcast
Verb
1
transmit (a program or some information) by radio or television.
the announcement was broadcast live
Noun
1
a radio or television program or transmission.
the Queen’s annual Christmas TV broadcast
Adjective
1
relating to radio or television transmission.
a broadcast journalist
Adverb
1
by scattering.
green manure can be sown broadcast or in rows
brush
Noun
1
an implement with a handle, consisting of bristles, hair, or wire set into a block, used for cleaning or scrubbing, applying a liquid or powder to a surface, arranging the hair, or other purposes.
a paint brush
2
a slight and fleeting touch.
the lightest brush of his lips against her cheek
Verb
1
remove (dust or dirt) by sweeping or scrubbing.
we’ll be able to brush the mud off easily
2
touch something lightly and gently.
their fingers brushed as she took the glass from him
bubble
1
a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gas.
2
used to refer to a good or fortunate situation that is isolated from reality or unlikely to last.
we both lived in a bubble, the kind provided by occupying a privileged pied-à-terre in Greenwich Village
bunch
Noun
1
a number of things, typically of the same kind, growing or fastened together.
a bunch of grapes
Verb
1
collect or fasten into a compact group.
she bunched the carnations together
Verb
1
(of a fire) produce flames and heat while consuming a material such as coal or wood.
a fire burned and crackled cheerfully in the grate
2
destroy, damage, or injure by heat or fire.
he burned all the letters
Noun
1
an injury caused by exposure to heat or flame.
he was treated in the hospital for burns to his hands
2
consumption of a type of fuel as an energy source.
natural gas produces the cleanest burn of the lot
bush
Noun
1
a shrub or clump of shrubs with stems of moderate length.
a rose bush
Verb
1
spread out into a thick clump.
her hair bushed out like a halo
بوته
calm
Adjective
1
not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions.
she had to keep calm at all costs
Noun
1
the absence of violent or confrontational activity within a place or group.
an edgy calm reigned in the capital
Verb
1
make (someone) tranquil and quiet; soothe.
I took him inside and tried to calm him down
campaign
Noun
1
an organized course of action to achieve a goal.
the campaign for a full inquiry into the regime
2
a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective, confined to a particular area, or involving a specified type of fighting.
a desert campaign
Verb
1
work in an organized and active way toward a particular goal, typically a political or social one.
people who campaigned against child labor
campus
Noun
1
the grounds and buildings of a university or college.
for the first year I had a room on campus
محوطه دانشگاه
candy
Verb
1
preserve (fruit, nuts, etc.) by coating and saturating it with a sugar syrup.
I candied the walnuts with maple syrup
آب نبات
cap
Noun
1
a kind of soft, flat hat, typically with a visor.
a man wearing a raincoat and a flat cap
2
a protective lid or cover for an object such as a bottle, the point of a pen, or a camera lens.
a glass bottle with a screw cap
Verb
1
put a lid or cover on.
he capped his pen
2
provide a fitting climax or conclusion to.
he capped a memorable season by becoming champion
3
place a limit or restriction on (prices, expenditure, or other activity).
council budgets will be capped
Capital
Noun
1
the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.
Warsaw is the capital of Poland
2
wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.
rates of return on invested capital were high
3
a letter of the size and form used to begin sentences and names.
he wrote the name in capitals
Adjective
1
(of an offense or charge) liable to the death penalty.
murder was a capital crime
captain
Verb
1
be the captain of (a ship, aircraft, or sports team).
all the boats are captained by professional sailors
care
Noun
1
the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something.
the care of the elderly
Verb
1
feel concern or interest; attach importance to something.
they don’t care about human life
carpet
فرش
Noun
1
a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine.
the minister faced a welter of hostile headlines and mocking cartoons
2
a motion picture using animation techniques to photograph a sequence of drawings rather than real people or objects.
we watched Yogi Bear cartoons on TV
Verb
1
make a drawing of (someone) in a simplified or exaggerated way.
she has a face with enough character to be cartooned
catch
Verb
1
intercept and hold (something which has been thrown, propelled, or dropped).
she threw the bottle into the air and caught it again
2
capture (a person or animal that tries or would try to escape).
we hadn’t caught a single rabbit
3
(of an object) accidentally become entangled or trapped in something.
the charm bracelet always caught on her clothing
4
reach in time and board (a train, bus, or aircraft).
they caught the 12:15 from Chicago
5
engage (a person’s interest or imagination).
it was the business scheme that had caught his imagination
6
strike (someone) on a part of the body.
Ben caught him on the chin with an uppercut
7
contract (an illness) through infection or contagion.
he served in Macedonia, where he caught malaria
8
become ignited, due to contact with flame, and start burning.
the rafters have caught
1
an act of catching something, typically a ball.
2
a device for securing something such as a door, window, or box.
the window catch was rusty
3
a hidden problem or disadvantage in an apparently ideal situation.
there’s a catch in it somewhere
4
an unevenness in a person’s voice caused by emotion.
there was a catch in Anne’s voice
cent
Noun
1
a monetary unit of the US, Canada, and various other countries, equal to one hundredth of a dollar, euro, or other decimal currency unit.
he was paid 40 cents an hour
ceremony
Noun
1
a formal religious or public occasion, typically one celebrating a particular event or anniversary.
the winners were presented with their prizes at a special ceremony
2
the ritual observances and procedures performed at grand and formal occasions.
the new Queen was proclaimed with due ceremony
certain
Adjective
1
known for sure; established beyond doubt.
it’s certain that more changes are in the offing
2
specific but not explicitly named or stated.
he raised certain personal problems with me
Pronoun
1
some but not all.
certain of his works have been edited
chain
Noun
1
a connected flexible series of metal links used for fastening or securing objects and pulling or supporting loads.
he slid the bolts on the front door and put the safety chain across
2
a sequence of items of the same type forming a line.
he kept the chain of buckets supplied with water
3
a jointed measuring line consisting of linked metal rods.
4
a structure of planks projecting horizontally from a sailing ship’s sides abreast of the masts, used to widen the basis for the shrouds.
Verb
1
fasten or secure with a chain.
she chained her bicycle to the railing
chairman
Noun
1
a person, especially a man, designated to preside over a meeting.
the chairman of the conference
channel
Noun
1
a length of water wider than a strait, joining two larger areas of water, especially two seas.
2
a band of frequencies used in radio and television transmission, especially as used by a particular station.
3
a medium for communication or the passage of information.
they didn’t apply through the proper channels
Verb
1
direct toward a particular end or object.
advertisers channel money into radio
2
(of a person) serve as a medium for (a spirit).
she was channeling the spirit of Billie Holiday
characteristic
Adjective
1
typical of a particular person, place, or thing.
large farms are characteristic of this area
Noun
1
a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it.
inherited characteristics such as blood groups
charge
Verb
1
demand (an amount) as a price from someone for a service rendered or goods supplied.
he charged me 2 euros for the postcard
2
accuse (someone) of something, especially an offense under law.
they were charged with assault
Noun
1
a price asked for goods or services.
an admission charge
chat
Verb
1
talk in a friendly and informal way.
she chatted to her mother on the phone every day
Noun
1
an informal conversation.
he dropped in for a chat
cheat
Verb
1
act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.
she always cheats at cards
2
avoid (something undesirable) by luck or skill.
she cheated death in a spectacular crash
Noun
1
a person who behaves dishonestly in order to gain an advantage.
a liar and a cheat
cheerful
Adjective
1
noticeably happy and optimistic.
how can she be so cheerful at six o’clock in the morning?
chest
un
1
the front surface of a person’s or animal’s body between the neck and the abdomen.
she crossed her arms across her chest
2
a large strong box, typically made of wood and used for storage or shipping.
an oak chest
Synonyms:
chief
Noun
1
a leader or ruler of a people or clan.
the chief of the village
Adjective
1
most important.
the chief reason for the spending cuts
chip
Noun
1
a small piece of something removed in the course of chopping, cutting, or breaking a hard material such as wood or stone.
mulch the shrubs with cedar chips
3
a counter used in certain gambling games to represent money.
a poker chip
Verb
1
cut or break (a small piece) from a hard material.
we had to chip ice off the upper deck
cite
Verb
1
quote (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially in a scholarly work.
authors who are highly regarded by their peers tend to be cited
2
praise (someone, typically a member of the armed forces) for a courageous act in an official dispatch.
he has been cited many times for his contributions in the intelligence area
3
summon (someone) to appear in a court of law.
the summons cited four of the defendants
civil
Adjective
1
relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters.
civil aviation
2
courteous and polite.
we tried to be civil to him
3
(of time measurement or a point in time) fixed by custom or law rather than being natural or astronomical.
civil twilight starts at sunset
clause
Noun
1
a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.
2
a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.
عبارت
clerk
Noun
1
a person employed in an office or bank to keep records, accounts, and undertake other routine administrative duties.
the clerk inserted the bank’s master key in the lower lock
2
FORMAL
a member of the clergy.
climate
Noun
1
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
our cold, wet climate
اقلیم
climb
Verb
1
go or come up (a slope, incline, or staircase), especially by using the feet and sometimes the hands; ascend.
we began to climb the hill
2
move with effort, especially into or out of a confined space; clamber.
Howard started to climb out of the front seat
Noun
1
an ascent, especially of a mountain or hill, by climbing.
the rigorous climb up the mountain
closely
Adverb
1
with little or no space or time in between.
closely spaced homes
2
in a way that involves a strong resemblance or connection.
the students had to answer questions closely related to what they just learned
3
in a careful and attentive way.
patients have to be watched closely for side effects
cloth
Noun
1
woven or felted fabric made from wool, cotton, or a similar fiber.
a cloth bag
2
the clergy; the clerical profession.
a man of the cloth
clothing
Noun
1
clothes collectively.
an item of clothing
coach
Noun
1
a horse-drawn carriage, especially a closed one.
2
a railroad car.
3
a bus, especially one that is comfortably equipped and used for longer journeys.
4
an athletic instructor or trainer.
a football coach
Verb
1
travel by coach.
they coached to Claude’s dwelling
2
train or instruct (a team or player).
he has coached the Edmeston Panthers for six years
code
Noun
1
a system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituted for other words, letters, etc., especially for the purposes of secrecy.
the Americans cracked their diplomatic code
3
a systematic collection of laws or regulations.
the criminal code
Verb
1
convert (the words of a message) into a particular code in order to convey a secret meaning.
only Mitch knew how to read the message—even the name was coded
2
write code for (a computer program).
most developers code C + + like C
colored
Adjective
1
having a color or colors, especially as opposed to being black, white, or neutral.
strings of colored lights
Noun
1
clothes, sheets, etc. that are any color but white.
she wouldn’t mix her whites with her coloreds on wash day
combination
Noun
1
a joining or merging of different parts or qualities in which the component elements are individually distinct.
this color combination is stunningly effective
2
a sequence of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock.
a combination briefcase
combine
Verb
1
unite; merge.
the band combines a variety of musical influences
Noun
1
a group of people or companies acting together for a commercial purpose.
a powerful industrial combine
2
an agricultural machine that cuts, threshes, and cleans a grain crop in one operation; a combine harvester.
comfort
Noun
1
a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint.
room for four people to travel in comfort
2
the easing or alleviation of a person’s feelings of grief or distress.
a few words of comfort
Verb
1
ease the grief or distress of; console.
she broke down in tears and her friend tried to comfort her
command
Verb
1
give an authoritative order.
a gruff voice commanded us to enter
2
dominate (a strategic position) from a superior height.
the two castles commanded the harbor
3
be in a strong enough position to have or secure (something).
no party commanded a majority
Noun
1
an authoritative order.
it’s unlikely they’ll obey your commands
commission
Noun
1
an instruction, command, or duty given to a person or group of people.
he received a commission to act as an informer
2
a group of people officially charged with a particular function.
the United Nations High Commission for Refugees
Verb
1
give an order for or authorize the production of (something such as a building, piece of equipment, or work of art).
the portrait was commissioned by his widow in 1792
commit
Verb
1
carry out or perpetrate (a mistake, crime, or immoral act).
he committed an uncharacteristic error
2
pledge or bind (a person or an organization) to a certain course or policy.
they were reluctant to commit themselves to an opinion
3
transfer something to (a state or place).
he composed a letter but didn’t commit it to paper
commitment
Noun
1
the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity, etc.
the company’s commitment to quality
2
an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of action.
business commitments
committee
Noun
1
a group of people appointed for a specific function, typically consisting of members of a larger group.
the housing committee
communicate
Verb
1
share or exchange information, news, or ideas.
the prisoner was forbidden to communicate with his family
2
pass on (an infectious disease) to another person or animal.
the disease is communicated from one person to another
3
(of two rooms) have a common connecting door.
the dining room communicates with the kitchen
4
receive Holy Communion.
orthodox policy is to communicate in both kinds (i.e. both bread and wine)
commiunication
Noun
1
the imparting or exchanging of information or news.
at the moment I am in communication with London
2
means of sending or receiving information, such as phone lines or computers.
satellite communications
3
the means of traveling or of transporting goods, such as roads or railroads.
a city providing excellent road and rail communications
community
Noun
1
a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.
the scientific community
2
a feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of sharing common attitudes, interests, and goals.
the sense of community that organized religion can provide
competitive
competitor
Noun
1
a person who takes part in an athletic contest.
two competitors were banned for taking drugs
complaint
component
Noun
1
a part or element of a larger whole, especially a part of a machine or vehicle.
stereo components
Adjective
1
constituting part of a larger whole; constituent.
light passed through a prism breaks up into its component colors
concept
Noun
1
an abstract idea; a general notion.
structuralism is a difficult concept
concern
Verb
1
relate to; be about.
the story concerns a friend of mine
2
worry (someone); make anxious.
the roof of the barn concerns me because eventually it will fall in
Noun
1
anxiety; worry.
such unsatisfactory work gives cause for concern
concern
Verb
1
relate to; be about.
the story concerns a friend of mine
2
worry (someone); make anxious.
the roof of the barn concerns me because eventually it will fall in
Noun
1
anxiety; worry.
such unsatisfactory work gives cause for concern
concerned
Adjective
1
worried, troubled, or anxious.
the villagers are concerned about burglaries
conclude
Verb
1
bring (something) to an end.
they conclude their study with these words
2
arrive at a judgment or opinion by reasoning.
the doctors concluded that Esther had suffered a stroke
conclusion
Noun
1
the end or finish of an event or process.
the conclusion of World War Two
2
a judgment or decision reached by reasoning.
each research group came to a similar conclusion
conduct
Noun
1
the manner in which a person behaves, especially on a particular occasion or in a particular context.
all three brothers were known for their disorderly conduct
2
the action or manner of managing an activity or organization.
his conduct of the campaign
Verb
1
organize and carry out.
in the second trial he conducted his own defense
confident
Adjective
1
feeling or showing confidence in oneself; self-assured.
we require outgoing, confident people able to approach large groups
conflict
Noun
1
a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.
the eternal conflict between the sexes
Verb
1
be incompatible or at variance; clash.
parents’ and children’s interests sometimes conflict
congress
Noun
1
a national legislative body, especially that of the US. The US Congress, which meets at the Capitol in Washington, D.C., was established by the Constitution of 1787 and is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
2
a formal meeting or series of meetings for discussion between delegates, especially those from a political party or labor union or from within a particular discipline.
3
a society or organization, especially a political one.
4
the action of coming together.
conscious
Adjective
1
aware of and responding to one’s surroundings; awake.
conservative
Adjective
1
averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values.
2
(in a political context) favoring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas.
Noun
1
a person who is averse to change and holds traditional values.
consistent
Adjective
1
acting or done in the same way over time, especially so as to be fair or accurate.
the parents are being consistent and firm in their reactions
consumer
noun
1 a person who purchases goods and services for personal use: understanding what motivates consumers is more crucial than ever | [as modifier] : consumer demand.
2 a person or thing that eats or uses something: Scandinavians are the largest consumers of rye.
3 Ecology an organism that derives the organic compounds and energy it needs from the consumption of other organisms; a heterotroph: consumers can’t make their own food, so they have to consume other organisms for energy.
contact
noun | ˈkäntak(t) |
1 the state or condition of physical touching: the tennis ball is in contact with the court surface for as little as 5 milliseconds.
• [as modifier] activated by or operating through physical touch: contact dermatitis.
• a connection for the passage of an electric current from one thing to another, or a part or device by which such a connection is made: a one-way electrical contact between a metal and a semiconductor.
• (contacts) contact lenses: she didn’t have her contacts in.
2 the state or condition of communicating or meeting: Lewis and Clark came into contact with numerous river tribes | he had lost contact with his friends.
• a meeting, communication, or relationship with someone: they have forged contacts with key people in business.
• a person who may be communicated with for information or assistance, especially with regard to one’s job: Francie had good contacts.
• a person who has associated with a patient with a contagious disease (and so may carry the infection): all efforts are made to persuade possible contacts of patients with either disease to attend for investigation.
verb | ˈkäntak(t) | [with object]
1 communicate with (someone), typically in order to give or receive specific information: anyone with any information should contact Darlington police.
2 touch: I winced as my blister contacted the floor.
container
noun
1 an object that can be used to hold or transport something: a microwaveable glass container.
• a large metal box of a standard design and size used for the transportation of goods by road, rail, sea, or air: [as modifier] : a container ship.
Contemporary
adjective
1 living or occurring at the same time: the event was recorded by a contemporary historian.
• dating from the same time: this series of paintings is contemporary with other works in an early style.
2 belonging to or occurring in the present: the tension and complexities of our contemporary society.
• following modern ideas or fashion in style or design: contemporary art.
noun (plural contemporaries)
a person or thing living or existing at the same time as another: he was a contemporary of Darwin.
• a person of roughly the same age as another: my contemporaries at school.
Content
adjective
in a state of peaceful happiness: he seemed more content, less bitter.
• willing to accept a particular thing; satisfied: he had to be content with third place | not content with being a hugely successful pop star, he now intends to venture into movies | the duke was content to act as Regent.
verb [with object]
satisfy (someone): nothing would content her.
• (content oneself with) accept as adequate despite wanting more or better: we contented ourselves with a few small purchases.
noun
1 a state of satisfaction: the greater part of the century was a time of content.
2 a member of the British House of Lords who votes for a particular motion.
Contest
noun | ˈkänˌtest |
an event in which people compete for supremacy in a sport, activity, or particular quality: a beauty contest | a gigantic air rifle shooting contest.
• a competition for a political position: the presidential contest.
• a dispute or conflict: there has always been a contest between tenants and landlords over how they share both benefits and costs.
verb | kənˈtest | [with object]
1 engage in competition to attain (a position of power): she declared her intention to contest the presidency.
• take part in (a competition or election): a coalition was formed to contest the presidential elections.
2 oppose (an action, decision, or theory) as mistaken or wrong: the former chairman contests his dismissal.
• engage in dispute about: the issues have been hotly contested.
Context
noun
the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed: the decision was taken within the context of planned cuts in spending.
• the parts of something written or spoken that immediately precede and follow a word or passage and clarify its meaning: word processing is affected by the context in which words appear.
Contrast
Noun
1
the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association.
the day began cold and blustery, in contrast to almost two weeks of uninterrupted sunshine
Verb
1
differ strikingly.
his friend’s success contrasted with his own failure
Contribute
Verb
1
give (something, especially money) in order to help achieve or provide something.
she contributed to a private pension
Contribution
Noun
1
a gift or payment to a common fund or collection.
charitable contributions
Convenient
Adjective
1
fitting in well with a person’s needs, activities, and plans.
I phoned your office to confirm that this date is convenient
Convince
Verb
1
cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something.
Robert’s expression had obviously convinced her of his innocence
Corporate
Adjective
1
relating to a corporation, especially a large company or group.
airlines are very keen on their corporate identity
Noun
1
a corporate company or group.
Costume
Noun
1
a set of clothes in a style typical of a particular country or historical period.
authentic Elizabethan costumes
Verb
1
dress (someone) in a particular set of clothes.
the dolls are elaborately costumed in fancy nineteenth-century dresses
council
Noun
1
an advisory, deliberative, or legislative body of people formally constituted and meeting regularly.
an official human rights council
شورا
Count
Verb
1
determine the total number of (a collection of items).
I started to count the stars I could see
2
take into account; include.
the staff has shrunk to four, or five if you count the summer intern
3
be significant.
it did not matter what the audience thought—it was the critics that counted
Noun
1
an act of determining the total number of something.
at the last count, fifteen applications were still outstanding
countryside
Noun
1
the land and scenery of a rural area.
they explored the surrounding countryside
County
Noun
1
(in the US) a political and administrative division of a state, providing certain local governmental services.
courage
Noun
1
the ability to do something that frightens one.
she called on all her courage to face the ordeal
Course
Noun
1
the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river.
the road adopts a tortuous course along the coast
2
a dish, or a set of dishes served together, forming one of the successive parts of a meal.
guests are offered a choice of main course
4
a series of lectures or lessons in a particular subject, typically leading to a qualification.
a business studies course
Verb
1
(of liquid) move without obstruction; flow.
tears were coursing down her cheeks
2
pursue (game, especially hares) with greyhounds using sight rather than scent.
many of the hares coursed escaped unharmed
