1-100 Flashcards
absolute
Adjective
1
not qualified or diminished in any way; total.
absolute secrecy
2
viewed or existing independently and not in relation to other things; not relative or comparative.
absolute moral standards
account
Noun
1
a report or description of an event or experience.
a detailed account of what has been achieved
2
a record or statement of financial expenditure and receipts relating to a particular period or purpose.
the ledger contains all the income and expense accounts
Verb
1
consider or regard in a specified way.
her visit could not be accounted a success
accuse
Verb
1
charge (someone) with an offense or crime.
he was accused of murdering his wife’s lover
acknowledge
Verb
1
accept or admit the existence or truth of.
the plight of the refugees was acknowledged by the authorities
2
(of a body of opinion) recognize the fact or importance or quality of.
the art world has begun to acknowledge his genius
3
show that one has noticed or recognized (someone) by making a gesture or greeting.
she refused to acknowledge my presence
اذعان
act
Verb
1
take action; do something.
they urged Washington to act
Noun
1
a thing done; a deed.
a criminal act
action
1
the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim.
he vowed to take tougher action against persistent offenders
2
a thing done; an act.
she frequently questioned his actions
3
a manner or style of doing something, typically the way in which a mechanism works or a person moves.
the weapon has speed and smooth action
adapt
Verb
1
make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify.
hospitals have had to be adapted for modern medical practice
سازگار شدن
addition
Noun
1
the action or process of adding something to something else.
the hotel has been extended with the addition of more rooms
2
the process or skill of calculating the total of two or more numbers or amounts.
she began with simple arithmetic, addition and then subtraction
address
2
a formal speech delivered to an audience.
she delivered an address to the National Council of Teachers
Verb
1
write the name and address of the intended recipient on (an envelope, letter, or package).
I addressed my letter to him personally
2
speak to (a person or an assembly), typically in a formal way.
she addressed an audience of the most important Shawnee chiefs
3
think about and begin to deal with (an issue or problem).
a fundamental problem has still to be addressed
admire
Verb
1
regard (an object, quality, or person) with respect or warm approval.
I admire your courage
admit
Verb
1
confess to be true or to be the case, typically with reluctance.
the office finally admitted that several prisoners had been injured
2
allow (someone) to enter a place.
senior citizens are admitted free to the museum
3
accept as valid.
the courts can refuse to admit police evidence that has been illegally obtained
4
allow the possibility of.
the need to inform him was too urgent to admit of further delay
adopt
Verb
1
legally take (another’s child) and bring it up as one’s own.
there are many people eager to adopt a baby
2
choose to take up, follow, or use.
this approach has been adopted by many big banks
3
take on or assume (an attitude or position).
he adopted a patronizing tone
Verb
1
move forward in a purposeful way.
the troops advanced on the capital
2
make or cause to make progress.
our knowledge is advancing all the time
Noun
1
a forward movement.
the rebels’ advance on Madrid was well under way
Adjective
1
done, sent, or supplied beforehand.
advance notice
advertise
Verb
1
describe or draw attention to (a product, service, or event) in a public medium in order to promote sales or attendance.
a billboard advertising beer
advertising
Noun
1
the activity or profession of producing advertisements for commercial products or services.
movie audiences are receptive to advertising
advise
Verb
1
offer suggestions about the best course of action to someone.
I advised him to go home
affair
Noun
1
an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to.
the board admitted responsibility for the affair
2
a sexual relationship between two people, one or both of whom are married to someone else.
his wife is having an affair
affect
Verb
1
have an effect on; make a difference to.
the dampness began to affect my health
2
pretend to have or feel (something).
as usual I affected a supreme unconcern
afterward
: at a later or succeeding time : SUBSEQUENTLY, THEREAFTER
found out about it long afterward
agency
Noun
1
a business or organization established to provide a particular service, typically one that involves organizing transactions between two other parties.
an advertising agency
2
action or intervention, especially such as to produce a particular effect.
canals carved by the agency of running water
agenda
Noun
1
a list of items to be discussed at a formal meeting.
the question of nuclear weapons had been removed from the agenda
agent
Noun
1
a person who acts on behalf of another person or group.
in the event of illness, a durable power of attorney enabled her nephew to act as her agent
2
a person or thing that takes an active role or produces a specified effect.
these teachers view themselves as agents of social change
aggresive
خشونت آمیز
Adjective
1
ready or likely to attack or confront; characterized by or resulting from aggression.
he’s very uncooperative and aggressive
ahead
Adverb
1
further forward in space; in the line of one’s forward motion.
he had to give his attention to the road ahead
aid
Noun
1
help, typically of a practical nature.
he saw the pilot slumped in his cockpit and went to his aid
Verb
1
help, assist, or support (someone or something) in the achievement of something.
women were aided in childbirth by midwives
alive
Adjective
1
(of a person, animal, or plant) living, not dead.
hopes of finding anyone still alive were fading
2
(of a person or animal) alert and active; animated.
Ken comes alive when he hears his music played
3
aware of and interested in; responsive to.
always alive to new ideas
4
swarming or teeming with.
in spring those cliffs are alive with auks and gulls
all right
1 : SATISFACTORY, AGREEABLE
Whatever you decide is all right with me.
2 : SAFE, WELL
He was ill but he’s all right now.
alter
Verb
1
change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way.
Eliot was persuaded to alter the passage
alternative
Adjective
1
(of one or more things) available as another possibility.
the various alternative methods for resolving disputes
Noun
1
one of two or more available possibilities.
audiobooks are an interesting alternative to reading
amaze
Verb
1
surprise (someone) greatly; fill with astonishment.
she amazed doctors by fighting back when her deteriorating condition caused her to suffer heart failure
ambition
Noun
1
a strong desire to do or to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work.
her ambition was to become a pilot
anger
Noun
1
a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility.
the colonel’s anger at his daughter’s disobedience
Verb
1
fill (someone) with anger; provoke anger in.
she was angered by his terse answer
angle
2
a particular way of approaching or considering an issue or problem.
discussing the problems from every conceivable angle
announce
Verb
1
make a public and typically formal declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention.
he announced his retirement from football
annoy
Verb
1
irritate (someone); make (someone) a little angry.
your damned cheerfulness has always annoyed me
annual
Adjective
1
occurring once every year.
the sponsored walk became an annual event
axious
anxiousAdjective
1
experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
she was extremely anxious about her exams
2
wanting something very much, typically with a feeling of unease.
the company was anxious to avoid any trouble
anymore
Adverb
1
to any further extent; any longer.
she refused to listen anymore
Pronoun
1
any person or people.
there wasn’t anyone there
2
a person of importance or authority.
they are read by anyone who’s anyone
anyway
Adverb
1
used to confirm or support a point or idea just mentioned.
I told you, it’s all right, and anyway, it was my fault
2
used to end a conversation, to change the subject, or to resume a subject after interruption.
Anyway, Dot, I must go
3
used to indicate that something happened or will happen in spite of something else.
nobody invited Miss Honey to sit down so she sat down anyway
anywhere
Adverb
1
in or to any place.
he couldn’t be found anywhere
Pronoun
1
any place.
he doesn’t have anywhere to live
apart
Adverb
1
(of two or more people or things) separated by a distance; at a specified distance from each other in time or space.
two stone gateposts some thirty feet apart
2
to or on one side; at a distance from the main body.
Isabel stepped away from Joanna and stood apart
3
so as to be shattered; into pieces.
he leapt out of the car just before it was blown apart
apparent
Adjective
1
clearly visible or understood; obvious.
it became apparent that he was talented
apparently
Adverb
1
as far as one knows or can see.
the child nodded, apparently content with the promise
appeal
Verb
1
make a serious or urgent request, typically to the public.
police are appealing for information about the incident
Noun
1
a serious or urgent request, typically one made to the public.
his mother made an appeal for the return of the ring
application
Noun
1
a formal request to an authority for something.
an application for leave
2
the action of putting something into operation.
the application of general rules to particular cases
3
the action of putting something on a surface.
paints suitable for application on fabric
apply
Verb
1
make a formal application or request.
you need to apply to the local authorities for a grant
2
be applicable or relevant.
normal rules apply
3
put or spread (something) on a surface.
the sealer can be applied to new wood
4
give one’s full attention to a task; work hard.
for two years, she applied herself to her studies with dedication
appericate
Verb
1
recognize the full worth of.
she feels that he does not appreciate her
2
understand (a situation) fully; recognize the full implications of.
they failed to appreciate the pressure he was under
3
rise in value or price.
they expected the house to appreciate in value
قدردانی
approve
Verb
1
officially agree to or accept as satisfactory.
argue
Verb
1
give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea, action, or theory, typically with the aim of persuading others to share one’s view.
“It stands to reason,” she argued
2
exchange or express diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way.
I wasn’t going to argue with a gun
جر و بحث
arguement
Noun
1
an exchange of diverging or opposite views, typically a heated or angry one.
I’ve had an argument with my father
2
a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong.
there is a strong argument for submitting a formal appeal
arise
Verb
1
(of a problem, opportunity, or situation) emerge; become apparent.
new difficulties had arisen
2
FORMAL
LITERARY
get or stand up.
he arose at 9:30 and went out for a walk
arm
بازو
armed
Adjective
1
equipped with or carrying a weapon or weapons.
heavily armed troops
arrange
Verb
1
put (things) in a neat, attractive, or required order.
she had just finished arranging the flowers
2
organize or make plans for (a future event).
they hoped to arrange a meeting
3
adapt (a composition) for performance with instruments or voices other than those originally specified.
songs arranged for viola and piano
arrangement
Noun
1
the action, process, or result of arranging or being arranged.
the arrangement of the furniture in the room
2
plans or preparations for a future event.
all the arrangements for the wedding were made
3
a composition adapted for performance with different instruments or voices than those originally specified.
Mozart’s symphonies in arrangements for cello and piano
ashamed
Adjective
1
embarrassed or guilty because of one’s actions, characteristics, or associations.
you should be ashamed of yourself
aside
Adverb
1
to one side; out of the way.
he pushed his plate aside
Noun
1
a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play.
Shakespeare’s use of asides and soliloquies
asleep
Adjective
1
in a state of sleep.
she had been asleep for over three hours
assessment
Noun
1
the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.
the assessment of educational needs
assignment
Noun
1
a task or piece of work assigned to someone as part of a job or course of study.
a homework assignment
2
the attribution of someone or something as belonging.
the assignment of individuals to particular social positions
assistant
Noun
1
a person who ranks below a senior person.
the managing director and his assistant
associate
Verb
1
connect (someone or something) with something else in one’s mind.
I associated wealth with freedom
Noun
1
a partner or colleague in business or at work.
he arranged for a close associate to take control of the institute
Adjective
1
joined or connected with an organization or business.
an associate company
association
Noun
1
(often in names) a group of people organized for a joint purpose.
the National Association of Broadcasters
2
a connection or cooperative link between people or organizations.
he developed a close association with the university
3
a mental connection between ideas or things.
the word bureaucracy has unpleasant associations
attach
Verb
1
fasten; join.
he made certain that the trailer was securely attached to the van
2
attribute importance or value to.
he doesn’t attach too much importance to radical ideas
attempt
Verb
1
make an effort to achieve or complete (something, typically a difficult task or action).
she attempted a comeback in 1989
Noun
1
an act of trying to achieve something, typically one that is unsuccessful or not certain to succeed.
an attempt to halt the bombings
attitude
Noun
1
a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person’s behavior.
she took a tough attitude toward other people’s indulgences
attorney
Noun
1
a person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters.
audience
Noun
1
the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event, such as a play, movie, concert, or meeting.
the orchestra was given an enthusiastic ovation from the audience
2
a formal interview with a person in authority.
he demanded an audience with the Pope
authority
Noun
1
the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.
he had absolute authority over his subordinates
2
a person or organization having power or control in a particular, typically political or administrative, sphere.
the health authorities
3
the power to influence others, especially because of one’s commanding manner or one’s recognized knowledge about something.
he has the natural authority of one who is used to being obeyed
award
Verb
1
give or order the giving of (something) as an official payment, compensation, or prize to (someone).
he was awarded the Purple Heart
Noun
1
a prize or other mark of recognition given in honor of an achievement.
the company’s annual award for high-quality service
aware
Adjective
1
having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.
most people are aware of the dangers of sunbathing
away
Adverb
1
to or at a distance from a particular place, person, or thing.
she landed badly, and crawled away
2
into an appropriate place for storage or safekeeping.
he put away the lawn furniture
Adjective
1
(of a sports game) played at the opponents’ field or court.
tomorrow night’s away game at Yankee Stadium
awesome
Adjective
1
extremely impressive or daunting; inspiring great admiration, apprehension, or fear.
the awesome power of the atomic bomb
awful
Adjective
1
very bad or unpleasant.
the place smelled awful
awful
Adjective
1
very bad or unpleasant.
the place smelled awful
back
Verb
1
give financial, material, or moral support to.
he had a newspaper empire backing him
back
Verb
1
give financial, material, or moral support to.
he had a newspaper empire backing him
background
Noun
1
the area or scenery behind the main object of contemplation, especially when perceived as a framework for it.
the house stands against a background of sheltering trees
2
the circumstances or situation prevailing at a particular time or underlying a particular event.
the political and economic background
backward
Adjective
1
directed behind or to the rear.
she left the room without a backward glance
2
having made less than normal progress.
economically backward countries
Adverb
1
(of a movement) away from one’s front; in the direction of one’s back.
he took a step backward
2
toward or into the past.
a loving look backward at his early life
bar
Noun
1
a long rod or rigid piece of wood, metal, or similar material, typically used as an obstruction, fastening, or weapon.
an iron bar
3
a barrier or restriction to an action or advance.
political differences are not necessarily a bar to a good relationship
Verb
1
fasten (something, especially a door or window) with a bar or bars.
she bolts and bars the door
2
prevent or prohibit (someone) from doing something or from going somewhere.
she is barred from leaving the country
3
mark (something) with bars or stripes.
his face was barred with light
base
Noun
1
the lowest part or edge of something, especially the part on which it rests or is supported.
she sat down at the base of a tree
Verb
1
have as the foundation for (something); use as a point from which (something) can develop.
the film is based on a novel by Pat Conroy
Adjective
1
(of a person or a person’s actions or feelings) without moral principles; ignoble.
the electorate’s baser instincts of greed and selfishness
basic
Adjective
1
forming an essential foundation or starting point; fundamental.
certain basic rules must be obeyed
basically
Adverb
1
in the most essential respects; fundamentally.
we started from a basically simple idea
basis
Noun
1
the underlying support or foundation for an idea, argument, or process.
trust is the only basis for a good working relationship
bean
لوبیا
bean
لوبیا
bear
Verb
1
carry the weight of; support.
the bees form large colonies and need the thick branches of tall trees to bear the weight of their nests
2
endure (an ordeal or difficulty).
she bore the pain stoically
3
FORMAL
LITERARY
(of a person) carry (someone or something).
he was bearing a tray of brimming glasses
4
FORMAL
LITERARY
give birth to (a child).
she bore six daughters
5
turn and proceed in a specified direction.
bear left and follow the old road
Noun
2
a large, heavy, cumbersome man.
a lumbering bear of a man
beat
Verb
1
strike (a person or an animal) repeatedly and violently so as to hurt or injure them, typically with an implement such as a club or whip.
if we were caught we were beaten
Noun
1
a main accent or rhythmic unit in music or poetry.
the glissando begins on the second beat
3
an area allocated to a police officer to patrol.
public clamor for more police officers on the beat
4
a brief pause or moment of hesitation, typically one lasting a specified length.
she waited for a beat of three seconds
behave
Verb
1
act or conduct oneself in a specified way, especially toward others.
he always behaved like a gentleman
2
conduct oneself in accordance with the accepted norms of a society or group.
they were expected to behave themselves
bend
Verb
1
shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle.
the rising wind bent the long grass
2
(of a person) incline the body downward from the vertical.
I bent over my plate
3
force or be forced to submit.
they want to bend me to their will
4
direct or devote (one’s attention or energies) to a task.
Eric bent all his efforts to persuading them to donate some blankets
Noun
1
a curve, especially a sharp one, in a road, river, racecourse, or path.
the van screeched around a bend
bent
Verb
1
past and past participle of bend1.
Adjective
1
sharply curved or having an angle.
a piece of bent wire
Noun
1
a natural talent or inclination.
a man of religious bent
beyond
Preposition
1
at or to the further side of.
he pointed to a spot beyond the trees
Adverb
1
at or to the further side of something.
from south of Dortmund as far as Essen and beyond
Noun
1
the unknown, especially in references to life after death.
messages from the beyond
bill
Noun
1
an amount of money owed for goods supplied or services rendered, set out in a printed or written statement of charges.
the bill for their meal came to $17
2
a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.
a debate over the civil rights bill
Verb
1
list (a person or event) in a program.
they were billed to appear but didn’t show up
2
send a note of charges to (someone).
we shall be billing them for the damage caused
billion
1
the number equivalent to the product of a thousand and a million; 1,000,000,000 or 10^9.
a world population of over 6 billion
bitter
Adjective
1
having a sharp, pungent taste or smell; not sweet.
the raw berries have an intensely bitter flavor
2
(of people or their feelings or behavior) angry, hurt, or resentful because of one’s bad experiences or a sense of unjust treatment.
I don’t feel jealous or bitter
3
(often used for emphasis) painful or unpleasant to accept or contemplate.
today’s decision has come as a bitter blow
4
(of wind, cold, or weather) intensely cold.
a bitter wind blowing from the east
Noun
1
liquor that is flavored with the sharp pungent taste of plant extracts and is used as an additive in cocktails or as a medicinal substance to promote appetite or digestion.
a dash of bitters
blame
Verb
1
assign responsibility for a fault or wrong.
the inquiry blamed the engineer for the accident
Noun
1
responsibility for a fault or wrong.
his players had to take the blame
blog
Noun
1
a regularly updated website or web page, typically one run by an individual or small group, that is written in an informal or conversational style.
Verb
1
add new material to or regularly update a blog.
it’s about a week since I last blogged
blow
Verb
1
(of wind) move creating an air current.
a cold wind began to blow
2
expel air through pursed lips.
Will took a deep breath, and blew
Noun
1
a strong wind.
we’re in for a blow
board
Verb
1
get on or into (a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle).
we boarded the plane for Oslo
