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BL > 10 Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

10 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland
Where is it?
Anterior secretion?
Posterior secretion?

A

Base of brain
Anterior: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, MSH

Posterior:ADH, vasopressin, oxytocin

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2
Q

Thyroid gland
Where?
Secretions?

A

Anterior of trachea

T4 and T3

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3
Q

Parathyroid gland
Where?
Secretions?

A

lie on the dorsal of the thyroid gland

Parathormone (PH)

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4
Q

Adrenal gland
Where?
Secretion?

A

Top of the kidneys

Corticosteriods, androgens, estrogen, progestin

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5
Q

Pancreas
Where?
Secretions?
Its exocrine and endocrine

A

Left of and behind the stomach
Exocrine secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Endocrine has cell clusters called islets of langerhans—> alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin

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6
Q 
Glycoprotein peptide hormones
Where they synthesised?
Transported?
Receptor location?
Example?
A

Made in advance and stored in vesicles
Dissolved in plasma in blood for transport

Their receptor is on the plasma membrane which activates second messenger system

Examples: insulin, glucagon, prolactin, ACTH, PTH, gastrin

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7
Q 
Steroid hormones
Their synthesis?
Transport?
Receptor location?
Examples?
A

Synthesised on demand from precursors

Bound to carrier protein in blood

Receptor located in cytoplasm or nucleus but sometimes membrane. Activation of genes.

Examples: oestrogen, androgen, aldosterone, progesterone and cortisol.

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8
Q 
Catecholamines (aa derived hormone)
Synthesis?
Transport?
Receptor location?
Examples?
A

Made in advance and stored in secretory vesicles

Dissolved in plasma in blood

Receptor on cell membrane, activates secondary messenger.

Examples: adrenaline, noradrenaline.

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9
Q 
Thyroid hormones (aa derived)
Synthesis?
Transport?
Receptor location?
Examples?
A

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles.

Bound to protein carrier in blood.

Receptor in nucleus, activates genes.

Examples: T4 and T3.

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10
Q

Hypothalamus
Whats it’s role?
What does it produce?/pituitary

A 
Thermoregulation
Plasma osmolality vie osmoreceptor
HR/BP
Feeding
Circadian rhythm
Stimuli from the autonomic NS
Emotions, sexual behaviour, mood
Lactation

Produces: vasopressin, oxytocin to the posterior pituitary through nerves where it is released.

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11
Q

Pituitary structure

Whats the portal circulatory route?

A

Two lobes:
Anterior (nerves stop before it)
Posterior (nerves run into it)

Passed through anterior through the portal system. Portal circulatory route differs as has an intermediate between capillaries. The intermediate is a portal vessels.

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12
Q

Development of the endocrine system

A

Happens from 5 weeks onwards in gestation.

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13
Q

Need to know

A

Direct stimulation of adrenal medulla from the nervous system.
All of these hormones are subject to constitutive and regulated merocrine secretion. So there is always a small concentration of these hormones in the blood

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14
Q

Thyroid gland
How stimulated?
If low T4/3?
If high T4/3?

A

Stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and by thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) to produce T3 and T4

High T4/3: HYPERthyroidism
Low T4/3: HYPOthyroidism

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15
Q

Hashimoto’s
TSH level?
T4/3 level?
Antibodies?

A

Under active thyroid (hypo)
TSH: high
T4/3: low
Ab: Anti-TPO, anti-TG

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16
Q

Grave’s
TSH level?
T4/3?
Antibodies?

A

Hyperthyroidism, enlarged thyroid

TSH: low
T4/3: high
Ab: TSI and anti-TSH

17
Q

Parafollicular cells

What are they? Where are they? What do they produce? Roles?

A

Neuroendocrine cells that migrate into the thyroid during thyroid development in the embryo.
Found between follicles.

Produce calcitonin.

Independant of thyroid hormone synthesis

Role to monitor plasma calcium concs and decreases levels. Also inhibits osteoclast activity in bones. Also inhibits renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption in tubular cells.

On H and E staining: nucleus not central.

18
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Sit on the back of the thyroid. 4 of them, in pairs.

Role: measures plasma calcium. When low, parathyroid makes more PTH which causes bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more from the gastro intestinal tract. So does the opposite of parafollicular cells.

19
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Sit on top of kidneys.
Cortex and medulla.
Medulla: makes adrenaline and noradrenaline

Cortex made of three layers and a capsule on outside.

Medulla not made of epithelial cells even though its a gland. Made of parenchymal and mesochymal cells known as chromaffin cells that are like neurons. They hae many myelinated, presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres that pass directly to chromaffin cells. When nerve impulses reach these cells they release adrenaline and nor.

20
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Three layers
Outer: zona glomerulosa: produce mineralocorticoid, particularly aldosterone that regulates BP.

Middle: zona fasiculata: produce glucocorticoids, mobilise fats, proteins and carbs —> Important in fight or flight response.

Inner: zona reticularis: produce androgen precursors eg sex hormones.

21
Q

Fight or flight

A

Adrenal cortical hormones: glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (aldosterones)

22
Q

Pancreas

Structure?

A

Made up of a number of lobules of lobes. There are intacolated ducts that come together and come to the pancreatic duct. Whichjoins te bile duct to make the common bile duct.

Intercalated duct lined with cuboidal epithelial cells

23
Q

Pancreas

Cell level structure

A

Made of islets of langerhans: alpha beta and delta cells mostly. There are also PP, D-1 and EC cells.

24
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A

Produces enzymes and bicarbonate eg trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen and lipase and amylase

25
Q 
Pancreas endocrine function (islets of langerhans)
PP cells
D-1 cells
EC cells
E cells
G cells
A

Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin
Gamma cells: somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)
PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits bile)
D-1: vasoactive intestinal peptide (similar to glucagon)
EC cells: secretin (stimulates bicarbonate production)
E: ghrelin (increases feeding behaviour)
G: gastrin (stimulates HCl production in the stomach

BL (25 decks)

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