1 - Pleura and Lungs Flashcards
Two layers of pleural cavity?
Parietal Pleura - lines Thoracic Wall
Visceral Pleura - lines Lungs
Purpose of Serous Fluid?
Lubrication
Development of Pleural Cavities: Stage 1
Source of the Laryngotracheal Tube?
Pleural Cavity develops from coelomic space and lined by coelomic membrane
- - -
Laryngotracheal Tube is outgrowth from foregut
Lung buds form from this structure and invaginate the pleural (coelomic) cavity
Development of Pleural Cavities: Stage 2
Lung buds push against the Pleural Cavity which becomes the Visceral Pleura (adherent to the organ surface)
Development of Pleural Cavities: Stage 3
Further growth of lung decreases size of pleural cavity.
Bronchus and blood vessels to lung become covered with pleura.
- Parietal Pleura lines thoracic wall and is continuous with Visceral Pleura
What layer of fascia separates thoracic wall from pleura?
Endothoracic Facia
Recesses of Pleural Cavity?
Clinical implications?
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
Costomediastinal Recess
Cotodiaphragmatic Recesses are slit like spaces of reflection of costal pleuae to disphragmatic pleurae–space for fluid build up/drainage
Clinical: Pleural Effusion
Occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pleural space
Inferior border of pleura?
Superior Border?
Extends from Rib 8 to Vertebra T12, Anterior to Posterior
- - -
Superior border about 1” ABOVE costal cartilage of rib one–neck wound could damage lungs
Borders of Lungs
Location:
Midclavicular Plane
Midaxillary Plane
Posterior-Inferior Border
Midclavicular Plane
Base of Lung - Rib 6
Base of Pleural Cavity - Rib 8
Midaxillary Plane
Base of Lung - Rib 8
Base of Pleural Cavity - Rib 10
Posterior-Inferior Border
Base of Lung - Vert. T10
Base of Pleural Cavity - Vert. T12
**ADD TWO EACH STEP
Clinical: Pneumothorax
Collection of gas or air within the pleural cavity, two types: Closed and Open
Closed: Air enters pleural cavity from rupture of air tubes at surface of lungs
Open: Air enters pleural cavity from cannel through thoracic wall (knife wound/gun shot)
Clinical: Conditions of Pleural Cavities (PC)
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pyothorax
Hydrothorax
Chylothorax
Pleurisy
Pneumothorax - Air in PC
Hemothorax - Blood in PC
Pyothorax - Pus in PC
Hydrothorax - Excess tissue fluid due to congestive heart failure
Chylothorax - Chyle, milky lymph from intestins due to tear in thoracic duct
Pleurisy - Inflammation of pleura, result in audible pleural friction rub
Referred pain from Pleura?
Phrenic Nerve - Mediastinal Pleura and Central Part of Diaphragmatic Pleura (C3/4/5)
Intercostal Nerves - Innervate costal pleura and pleura of peripheral diaphragm
Development of Respiratory System
Laryngotracheal Tube Bifurcates into Two Lung Buds
These form:
- Main Bronchi (Primary)
- Lobar Bronchi (Secondary)
- Segmental Bronchi (Tertiary)
Embryology: Where are the linings of air passageways derived from?
Endoderm
Embryology: What forms the cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue of the air passageways and lungs?
Splanchnic Mesoderm
Clinical: Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Esophageal Atresia
Due to improper fusion of tracheoesophageal folds, requires surgery
Results in polyhydraamios since amniotic fluid drank by fetus can’t enter stomach
Lung Structure: Fissures
Separate lungs into lobes
Right - Three (superior, middle, inferior)
Left - Two (superior, inferior)
Oblique - In both lungs, separates superior/inferior
Horizontal - Separates middle/superior in right lung
Lung Structure: Cardiac Notch
Indentation in the anterior border of the left superior lobe
Lung Structure: Lingula
“Tongue” of the left superior lobe, located below cardiac notch
Extends into left costomediastinal recess during normal inspiration
Lung Structure: Base of Lung
Is 2 ribs higher than parietal pleura
Lung Structure: Fissure Location
Clinical?
Oblique: Rib 6 to Spine of T3
Horizontal: lies along line from 4th costal cartilage to oblique at midaxillar line
Clinical: For auscultation, superior love is mostly anterior, while inferior is most posterior
Lung Structure: Hilum of Lung
Locations/Arrangement
Part of lung where nerves and vessels enter/exit
Contains bronchi, pulmonary artery/vein, bronchial arteries/eins, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves
Bronchus - Posterior
Pulmonary A. - Ant/Sup
Pulmonary V. - Ant/Inf
Eparterial Bronchus - Only on Right Side, superior to Pulmonary A.
Lung Structure: Root of Lung
Pulmonary Ligament
Collectin of neurovascular structures that supply lung, covered by pleura
Pulmonary Ligament - two layers of pleura in direct contact with eachother inferior to root, does NOT contain major neurovascular structures
