Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SF3 - Test 1 > 1 - Mediastinum and Embryology > Flashcards

1 - Mediastinum and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Superior Border of the Mediastinum

A

(Post) T1 - 1st Rib - Sup Manubrium (Ant)

Thoracic Inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inferior Border of Mediastinum

A

Thoracic Outlet

(post) T12 - Diaphragm - Sternum (Xiphoid) (Ant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lateral Borders of Mediastinum

A

Formed by Mediastinal Parietal Pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Superior vs Inferior Mediastinum

Division Landmark?

Sub-Divisions?

A

Landmark: Plane of Sternal Angle (Between T4-T5 Vertebrae)

Within Inferior Mediastinum, you have the Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Contents of the Divisions of Mediastinum:

Anterior

A

Area between pericardium and sternum

Contents: Thymus Gland, Lymph Nodes (tumor metastasis), Sternopericardial Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contents of the Divisions of Mediastinum:

Middle

A

Contents:

  • Heart w/in Pericardial Sac (part of coelomic cavity)
  • Ascending Aorta

- Pulmonary Trunk + branches

- Seven Veins; Superior Vena Cava, termination of Azygous Vein, termination of Inferior Vena Cava, Four pulmonary veins (L Atrium)

- Phrenic Nerve

- Pericardiacophrenic Artery/Vein

- Mediastinal Lymph Nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contents of the Divisions of Mediastinum:

Posterior

A

Contents: Located between heart and lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

Contains tubular structures (esophagus, aorta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Mainly superior mediastinum, but can extend into Anterior during fetal/childhood

After puberty, begins to degrade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical: Lymph nodes of Anterior Mediastinum

A

Potential site for tumor metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seven Veins

A

Located in Middle Mediastinum

  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Azygous Vein
  3. Inferior Vena Cave

4-7: Pulmonary Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phrenic Nerve:

Location

Type of Innervation

A

C3/4/5

Anterior to Root of Lung

  • Motor: Diaphragm
  • Sensory: Mediastinal Pleura, Pericardium, Pleura, Peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pericardiacophrenic A. / V.

A

Branch of Internal thoracic artery and vein

Courses with Phrenic N. to supply pericardium/diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contents of the Divisions of Mediastinum:

Middle

A
  • Pericardium

- Pericardial Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

Apex

Base

Posteriorly

A

Conical shaped sac, limits movement of heart

Apex: Pieced by asecning aorta, superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk

Base: Fused with central tendom of diaphragm, pierced by inferior vena cava

Posteriorly: Pierced by four pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fibrous Pericardium: Anchor Points

Superior/Posterior

Inferior

Anterior

A

Superior / Posterior: Blends with tunica adventitia of great vessels

Inferior: Central tendon of diaphragm

Anterior: Sternopericardial Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibrous Pericardium:

Structure

Borders

Embryology

A

Structure: Inelastic–will NOT expand; blood can build up in the sac due to tear in heart/vessel

Borders: Follows heart, except on RIGHT side, extends up to Second Costal Cartilage (heart ends at third)

Embryology: Drived from Body Wall (Somatic) Mesoderm of Lateral Plane

17
Q

Clinical: Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade

Treatment?

Locations?

A

Pericardial Effusion: Excess fluid in the pericardial sac

Cardiac Tamponade: Compression of heart due to rapid accumulation of excess fluid

Treatment = Pericadiocentesis

  1. Parasternal Approach - Left 4th or 5th Intercostal Space
  2. Subxiphoid Approach - Left Xiphoid, angled posterior, superior at 45o angle
18
Q

Serous Pericardium: Two Layers?

A

Parietal Layer - Inner surface of fibrous pericardium, inseparable from fibrous layer

Visceral Layer - Outer surface of heart, forms epicardium of the heart; continuous w/parietal layers by reflecting onto great vessels

19
Q

Pericardial Cavity

Definition?

Sub-regions?

A

Potential space between serous parietal and serous visceral pericardia; contains thin film on serous fluid

  1. Transverse Pericardial Sinus
  2. Oblique Pericardia Sinus
20
Q

Transverse Pericardial Sinus

Clinical?

A

Between the Superior Vena Cava (posterior) and the ascending aorta/pulmonary trunk (anterior)

Serves as surgical landmark between these vessels.

Clinical: Method of separation of arteries from veins for ligation during surgery, bypass, etc.

21
Q

Oblique Pericardial Sinus

A

Blind space bwteen the left atrium and the posterior wall of the pericardial sac

Formed by reflections of serous pericardium from pulmonary veins of the heart

22
Q

Embryology: What creates the single, continous Coelomic Space?

What septae are formed by this?

A

Lateral folding of embryo

Pleuropericardial Membranes

Diaphragm

23
Q

Embryology: How does separation of the Pleural and Pericardial Cavities occur?

What is formed by fusion of the right and left pleuropericardial membranes?

A

Rapid development of the lung buds drives splitting of inner somatic mesoderm layer, foming layer to separate pleural and pericardial cavities

Pleuropericardial membranes are somatic mesoderm layers (paired) that split from wall to envelop heart and form fibrous pericardium

24
Q

Embryology: What occurs as the pleuropericardial membranes grow toward eachother?

What is the divisional result?

A

Fuse to form fibrous pericardium

Divides thoracic cavity into three spaces, each with visceral and parietal layers

  1. Ventral Pericardial Cavity (Heart)

2/3. Two Pleural Cavities (Lungs)

25
Q

Embryology: What are the four sources of the Diaphragm?

A
  1. Septum Transversum
  2. Paired Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
  3. Dorsal Mesentery of the esophagus
  4. Myoblasts from somatic mesoderm of body wall
26
Q

Embryology: What structure contains the phrenic nerve?

A

Pleuropericardial membranes (2x) as the develop from the body wall; which eventually fuse to form Fibrous Pericardium

27
Q

Embryology: Septum transversum

A

Plate of mesoderm that incompletely separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavitity; forms central tendon of diaphragm

28
Q

Embryology: Right and Left Pericardioperitoneal Canals

A

Coelomic spaces that link the thoracic and abdominal coelomic cavities–located alongside the foregut

29
Q

Embryology: Pleuroperitoneal Membranes

A

Paired layers of somatic mesoderm, at the caudal border of the pleural cavities (lungs)

Will fuse with Septum Tranversum and the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus thus closing the pericardioperitoneal canals (sealing pleural/peritoneal cavities)

30
Q

Embryology: What forms the crura (legs) of the diaphragm?

A

Dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

31
Q

Embryology: What type of cells contribute to the muscles of the diaphragm?

A

Myoblasts from somatic mesoderm of body wall

32
Q

Embryology: How does positional change affect the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

Septum Transversum begins at level of cervical somites and nerve fibers of C3/4/5 (phrenic nerve), grow into septum

Due to rapid growth of CNS, Phrenic Nerve is dragged inferiorly

33
Q

Embryology: What coveres periphery innervation of the diaphragm?

A

Lower Intercostal Nerves (Parietal Pleura/Parietal Peritoneum) as it comes from the thoracic body wall

34
Q

Clinical: Congenital Defects of Diaphragm

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Foramen of Bochdalek)

A

Failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane (90% on left side) to form/fuse with other contributions of diaphragm

Abdominal contents can enter thoracic cavity, compressing lungs

1:2000 births, high mortality rate

35
Q

Clinical: Congenital Defects of Diaphragm

Esophageal Hiatal Hernia

A

Herniation of stomach through enlarged esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Stomach contents reflux into the esophagus since sphincter is nonfunctional

Infant will vomit when laid on back after feeding

36
Q

Clinical: Congenital Defects of Diaphragm

Foramen of Morgagni or Parasternal Hernia

A

Herniation of abdominal visceral (sternocostal hiatus) space which surround the Superior Epigastric Artery, as the artery pierces the sternocostal portion of diaphragm

Normally small hole, defect makes it larger

37
Q
A

SF3 - Test 1 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions