1 Pharma Terms Flashcards
Amount that reaches the circulation
Bioavailability
Determine the safety and efficacy of generic drugs
Bioequivalence
Dose required to bring about 50% of the drug’s maximal effect
Potency
Dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect
Median effective dose/ ED50
Dose at which 50% of the animals manifest a particular toxic effect
Median toxic dose/ TD50
Transfer of drug from site of admin to bloodstream
Volume of distribution
Elimination of the drug at CONSTANT rate
Zero order kinetics
Elimination at a rate that is proportional to the serum conc of the drug
First order kinetics
Addition of polar moiety (sulate, glucuronate, acetate)
Phase 2 (conjugation reaction)
Use of CYP 450 system (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis)
Phase 1 (functionalization reaction)
Rate at which a specific drug is cleared from the system
Clearance
Amount of time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease to half its value after administration has been stopped
Half life (T 1/2)
Single amount of drug needed to achieve a desired plasma conc quickly
Loading dose
Amount of drug that must be given over time in order to maintain desired plasma conc
Maintenance dose
Measure of drug safety
Therapeutic index
Dose range between the minimum effective therapeutic dose or minimum toxic dose
Therapeutic window
Substance that shifts the graded dose response curve to the right
Competitive antagonist
Substance that does not produce the same maximum effect and is exhibited by a decrease in the Emax
Partial agonist
Substance that depresses the graded-dose response curve in the presence of the natural subtance
Irreversible antagonist
An antagonist that interacts directly with the agonist and not at all or only incidentally with the receptor
Chemical antagonist
Action of the drug to the body
Pharmacodynamics
Action of the body to the drug
Pharmakokinetics
Permeation governed by fick’s law
Passive diffusion; lipid diffusion
Permeation that is saturable and inhibitable
Carrier-mediated transport
Adverse effect that is infrequently observed
Idiosyncratic
Responsiveness decreases as a consequence of continued drug administration
Tolerance
Responsiveness diminishes rapidly after drug administration
Tachyphylaxis
Induction of malignant defects in the fetus
Teratogenic
Induction of malignant characteristics in cells
Carcinogenesis
Induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age
Mutagenesis
100% bioavailability
IV
Affected by First pass effect
PO
Partial avoidance of first pass effectively
Rectal, SL
Application to skin for LOCAL effect
Topical
Application to skin for SYSTEMIC effect
Transdermal
Phase of drug studies:
Small number of normal volunteers
Phase I
Phase of drug studies:
Post marketing-surveillance
Phase IV
Phase of drug studies:
“Does is work in patients?”
Phase II
Phase of drug studies:
Randomized, double-blind, controlled trials
Phase III
A drug for a rare disease
Orphan drug
Case of overdose with a weak acid, what agent will you use to hasten urinary excretion
Acidifying agent
Ammonium chloride
Cytochrome P450 inducers
Ethel Booba Takes Phenphen and Refuses Greasy Carbs
Ethanol, barbiturates, phenytoin, rifampicin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, st johns’s wort/smoking
Cytochrome P450 ihibitors
Inhibitors Stop Cyber Kids from Eating GRApefruit Q
Isoniazid, sulfonamides, cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, grapefruit juice, ritonavir, amiodarone, quinidine
Drugs and Pregnancy:
Safe and Safe
A
Folic acid, thyroid hormones
Drugs and Pregnancy:
No studies, safe
Safe, unsafe
B
Zidovudine
Drugs and Pregnancy:
No studies, unsafe
No studies, no studies
C
Aspirin
Drugs and Pregnancy:
Unsafe, unsafe
D
ACEI and anticonvulsants
Drugs and Pregnancy:
Unsafe, unsafe
Benefits does not outweigh the risks
X
Statins, OCPs, clomiphene, misoprostol, high-dose vit A
