Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > 1: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, INR Reversal and Emergencies > Flashcards

1: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, INR Reversal and Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common anaemia

A

Iron-Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can aetiology of IDA be divided

A
  • Insufficient intake
  • Increase need
  • Increase loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can lead to insufficient oral intake

A

Vegan

Eating Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 causes of insufficient absorption

A

Whipple’s procedure
Coeliac disease
Hypochlorhydria (H.Pylori induced gastritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 2 causes of increased need to iron

A
  • Pregnancy

- Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the categories of increased loss

A

Occult and Overt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause overt blood loss

A
  • Menses
  • Haematemesis
  • Haematuria
  • Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause occult blood loss

A
  • GI Bleed
  • Peptic Ulcer
  • Haemorrhoids
  • Hookworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the likely causes of IDA in children

A
  • Meckel’s diverticulum

- Malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the likely causes of IDA in adolscents

A

Menarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause IDA in 20-50 year-olds

A
  • Menorrhagia
  • Pregnancy
  • Peptic ulcer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the commonest cause of IDA in over-50’s in developed countries

A

Colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the commonest cause of IDA in over-50’s in developing countries

A

Hookworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does IDA present clinically

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Pallour
  • Lethargy
  • Dizziness and Syncope
  • Cardiac Failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are signs of IDA

A
  • Angular stomatitis
  • Glossitis
  • PICA
  • Brittle nails
  • Kolonychia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is plummer-vinson syndrome

A
  1. Glossitis
  2. IDA
  3. Dysphagia - due to oesophageal webs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How will FBC present in IDA

A
  • Low Hb
  • Low MCV
  • Low MCHC
  • High RDW
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How will iron studies present in IDA

A
  • Low Ferritin
  • Low transferrin saturation
  • High TIBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain TIBC in IDA

A

Low iron concentration means more free sites on transferrin to bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the problem with using ferritin as a marker for anaemia

A

Ferritin is an acute phase protein and increases with inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What will be seen on blood-film in microcytic anaemia

A
  • Anisocytosis
  • Poikilocytosis
  • Target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is anisocytosis

A

cells unequal in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is poikilocytosis

A

cells unequal in shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are target cells

A

codocytes

25
Q

What is used to test for coeliac disease

A

anti-TTG

26
Q

If IDA in males or non-menstruating females what should be ordered

A

gastroscopy and colonoscopy

27
Q

when is stool microscopy for ova ordered

A

recent foreign travel

28
Q

what are ova used to detect

A

hookworm

29
Q

when should individuals be referred to a gastroenterologist if over 60

A

IDA

30
Q

when should individuals be referred to a gastroenterologist if over 50-60

A
  • FH Colorectal cancer
  • Marked anaemia
  • Rectal bleeding
31
Q

when should individuals under 50 be referred to gastroenterology

A
  • Symptoms colorectal cancer
  • Persistent IDA despite treatment
  • FH
32
Q

How is IDA managed

A

Oral Ferrous Sulphate

33
Q

How long should ferrous sulphate be continued

A

3 months after stores have replenished

34
Q

What advice is given to individuals with IDA

A

Increase intake of dark-green leafy vegetables

35
Q

What are 3 requirements to stop warfarin/ other anti-coagulation

A
  1. High INR
  2. Bleeding
  3. Surgery
36
Q

If an individual has an INR >8 what is done

A
  • Stop warfarin

- 1-5mg vitamin K PO

37
Q

When is warfarin re-started if stopped due to an INR >8

A

When less than 5

38
Q

How is INR 5-8 managed

A

Withhold 1-2 doses of warfarin and re-start at a subsequent lower maintenance dose

39
Q

what is the risk with stopping warfarin for surgery

A

Risk VTE

40
Q

what is the risk of continuing warfarin during surgery

A

Bleeding

41
Q

If a major surgery, how many days before should warfarin be stopped

A

5-days

42
Q

what anticoagulation is given as a bridging method

A

LMWH

43
Q

how long is LMWH continued for

A

Stop 24-hours before surgery

44
Q

what are the indications for bridging LMWH

A
  • AF
  • Mechanical heart valve
  • High risk of VTE
45
Q

what is measured the day before surgery

A

INR

46
Q

if INR is >1.5 the day before surgery what is done

A

Oral vitamin K

47
Q

when is warfarin resumed following surgery

A

Evening or next-day

48
Q

how long after surgery should heparin be started

A

24-48h

49
Q

explain changes in anti-coagulation prior to minor surgery

A

Advise INR between 1.5-2.

No change in anti-coagulation required unless more than 3

50
Q

how long before surgery are DOACs stopped

A

24-48h before

51
Q

if a person is on warfarin and requires emergency surgery that can be delayed 6-12h, what is done

A

IV Vitamin K to reverse anti-coagulation

52
Q

if a person is on warfarin and requires emergency surgery that cannot be delayed, what is done

A

IV Prothrombin complex and IV Vitamin K

53
Q

if an individual has a major bleed what is done

A
  • Stop warfarin
  • IV Vitamin K
  • Prothrombin Complex
54
Q

what is vitamin K called

A

phytomenadione

55
Q

what factors are in prothrombin concentrate

A

2
7
9
10

56
Q

if an individual has a INR > 8 and a minor bleed what is done

A
  • Stop warfarin

- IV Vitamin K

57
Q

when is warfarin re-started if above 8 and minor bleed

A
  • When less-than 5
58
Q

if INR is 5-8 and minor bleed, what is done

A

Stop warfarin

IV Vitamin K

59
Q

what is given for a major bleed

A

protamine sulphate

Haematology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions