1 - Historical Context

Question 0

Phobia

Answer 0

Psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Question 1

Psychological disorder

Answer 1

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

Question 2

Abnormal behavior

Answer 2

Actions that are unexpected and often is valuated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.

Question 3

Psychopathology

Answer 3

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 4

Scientist-practitioner

Answer 4

Mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. Scientist-practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover information about disorders and the treatment.

Question 5

Presenting problem

Answer 5

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Question 6

Clinical description

Answer 6

Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

Question 7

Prevalence

Answer 7

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time.

Question 8

Incidence

Answer 8

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period.

Question 9

Course

Answer 9

Pattern of development and change of a disorder overtime.

Question 10

Prognosis

Answer 10

Predicted development of a disorder overtime.

Question 11

Etiology

Answer 11

Cause or source of a disorder.

Question 12

Exorcism

Answer 12

Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

Question 13

Psychosocial treatment

Answer 13

Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

Question 14

Moral therapy

Answer 14

Psychosocial approach in the 19 century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

Question 15

Mental hygiene movement

Answer 15

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Question 16

Psychoanalysis

Answer 16

Assessment and therapy pioneered by Sigmund Freud emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts.

Question 17

Behaviorism

Answer 17

Exclamation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 18

Unconscious

Answer 18

Part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.

Question 19

Catharsis

Answer 19

Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 20

Psychoanalytic model

Answer 20

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on for dinner entities and forces.

Question 21

Id

Answer 21

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

Question 22

Ego

Answer 22

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.

Question 23

Superego

Answer 23

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.

Question 24

Intrapsychic conflicts

Answer 24

In psychoanalytic theory, the struggle among that id, ego, and super ego.

Question 25

Defense mechanisms

Answer 25

Common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes of originating in the ego.

Question 26

Psychosexual stages of development

Answer 26

Psychoanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Eastangt is named for the location on the body where is gratification is maximal at that time.

Question 27

Castration anxiety

Answer 27

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for the mothers.

Question 28

Neurosis

Answer 28

Obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes.

Question 29

Ego psychology

Answer 29

Psychoanalytic Siri that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attribute psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

Question 30

Object relations

Answer 30

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Question 31

Collective unconscious

Answer 31

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

Question 32

Free association

Answer 32

Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

Question 33

Dream analysis

Answer 33

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Question 34

Psychoanalyst

Answer 34

Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either in MD or a PhD degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

Question 35

Transference

Answer 35

Psychoanalytic concepts suggesting the clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Question 36

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 36

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Question 37

Self-actualizing

Answer 37

Process emphasizing humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Question 38

Person-centered therapy

Answer 38

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily direct the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Question 39

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 39

Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Question 40

Behavioral model

Answer 40

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 41

Classical conditioning

Answer 41

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan
Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

Question 42

Extinction

Answer 42

Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement repairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

Question 43

Introspection

Answer 43

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempt to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Question 44

Systematic desensitization

Answer 44

Behavioral therapy techniques to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Question 45

Behavior therapy

Answer 45

Array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as apply to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than Buford complex is legitimate targets for change.

Question 46

Reinforcement

Answer 46

In operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of the desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from reinforcement of those behaviors or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

Question 47

Shaping

Answer 47

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.