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Anatomy 1 > 1- Back Review > Flashcards

1- Back Review Flashcards

1
Q

How many separate vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

24

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2
Q

Of the 24 separate vertebrae; they are split into 3 regions. What are the regions and how many vertebrae are in each regions

A

Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5

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3
Q

The base of the spine is composed of 5 segments fused together, this is known as the what?

A

Sacrum

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4
Q

What structure articulates with the 2 annominate bones of the pelvis

A

Sacrum

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5
Q

These vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

A

Thoracic

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6
Q

What are the normal curves of the spine?

A

Cervical Lordosis Thoracic Kyphosis Lumbar Lordosis

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7
Q

These intervertebral structures provide shock absorbance, congruency and a supply of nutrients.

A

IV Disc: Intervertebral Disc

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8
Q

A spinal segment ( ie L2-L3) consists of what? how many vertebrae and IV disc and how many end plate

A

2 vertebrae and 1 IV Disc and 2 end plates one above and one below

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9
Q

Anteriorly in vertebrae, this cylindrical mass of the bone is known as the

A

Body of the vertebrae

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10
Q

What does the body of the vertebrae act as?

A

Support the weight of the segments above it

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11
Q

The 3 bony projections of a vertebrae are:

A

Transverse processes, spinous process, and articular processes aka facet joints

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12
Q

When the articular processes of vertebrae join, they form this synovial joint.

A

Facet joint or zygopophaseal joint

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13
Q

Head rotation occurs primarily where?

A

Upper CS, C1-C2 (Altlanto-Axial Joint)

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14
Q

Head flexion, extension and lateral flexion primarily occurs where?

A

Upper CS, Occipital-Atlas (Atlanto-Occipital Joint)

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15
Q

Cervical Spine rotation primarily occurs in this general area.

A

Upper Cervical Spine

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16
Q

Cervical Spine extension, lateral flexion, flexion primarily occurs in what general area?

A

Mid to lower Cervical Spine

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17
Q

When the head protrusion occurs, the upper cervical spine ______ and the lower cervical spine______

A

extends, flexes

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18
Q

When the head retraction occurs, the upper cervical spine ________ and the lower cervical spine _______

A

Flexes, extends

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19
Q

The spine in anatomy is know as the _________ _________ and/or _________ ___________

A

spinal column

and/or

vertebral column

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20
Q

Consists of how many separate vertebrae?

this included the fused sacrum and coccyx

A

24 separate vertebrae

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21
Q

Name all the vertebrae regions and How many of each segments in the vertebrae

A

7- Cervical

12- Thoracic

5- Lumbar

5- Fused sacral

3-4- fused coccygeal

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22
Q

What are the motions that occur in the spine?

A

Flexion/Extension

Sidebending

Rotation

***at each regions there are different quantities of motion

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23
Q

Name the two normal curvatures of the spine and breif description

A

Lordosis- concave posteriorly

Kyphosis- convex posteriorly

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24
Q

Where is Lordosis and Kyphosis located in the vertebral column

A

Cervical/Lumbar- Lordosis

Thoracic/Sacral/Coccygeal- Kyphosis

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25
Q

Lateral curvature of the spine is known as.

A

Scoliosis

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26
Q

The highest cervical vertebra articulates with the ___________ ___________ of the cranium

A

Occipital condyles

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27
Q

The _______ vertebrae articulate with the ribs

A

thoracic

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28
Q

the ___________ vertebrae are designed for extensive weight bearing and muscle attachment

A

Lumbar

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29
Q

The __________ articulates with the _____(#) innominate bones at the sacro-iliac joints to form the pelvis

A

Sacrum

2#

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30
Q

All vertebrae from _____ to _____ will possess common elements of a vertebrae

A

C2 to L5

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31
Q

LABEL this Common Vertebrae

A

A- Vertebral Body

B- Pedicle

C- Lamina

D- Vertebral Arch

E- Articular Process

F- Transverse Process

G- Spinous Process

H- Inferior Articular Process

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32
Q

Label the Sacrum (ant.)

A

A- Promotontary

B- Superior Articular Process

C- Wing of Sacrum

D- Lateral Part

E- Transverse Line

F- Sacrococcygeal Joint

G- Anterior Sacral Foramina

H- Apex of Sacrum

I- Coccyx

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33
Q

Label the Sacrum (pos.)

A

A-Sacral Canal

B- Superior Articular Facet

C- Sacral Tuberosity

D- Auricular Surface

E- Lateral Sacral Crest

F- Median Sacral Crest

G- Medial Sacral Crest

H- Sacral Hiatus

I- Sacral Cornua

J- Sacrococcygeal Joint

K- Coccyx

L- Coccygeal Cornu

M- Posterior Sacral Foramina

N- Lateral Part

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34
Q

The Sacrum will articulate the Right Innominate with the _______ ________

A

Auricular Surface

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35
Q

Iliac Tuberosity is an attachment site for the _________ ______

A

Iliolumbar ligament

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36
Q

ASIS and PSIS should aligh with ___ Spinous Process and each other

A

S2

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37
Q

Iliac Crest should align between ____ and ____

A

L4 and L5

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38
Q

Two Innominate bones are joined Anteriorly by the _________ _________ on Symphyseal Surfaces

A

Public Symphisis

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39
Q

The ________ will articulate the ___________ on its Auricular Surface

A

Sacrum and Left/RIght Innominate

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40
Q

_______ ______ is an attachement site for the Iliolumbar Ligament

A

Iliac Tuberosity

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41
Q

_____ and ____ should align with S2 spinous process and each other

A

ASIS and PSIS

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42
Q

_____ _____ should align between L4 and L5

A

Iliac crest

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43
Q

Label the Right Innominate

A

A- Iliac Crest

B- Iliac Fossa

C- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

D- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine

E- Iliac Tuberosity

F- Auricular Surface of Ilium

G- Symphyseal Surface

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44
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

has a massive body for ________ ________

A

weight bearing

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45
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

has a ________ spinous processes

A

Blunt

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46
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

_______ __________ on superior articular process for muscle attachment

A

Mammilary processes

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47
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

Mammilary processes on superior articular process for ________ _______

A

muscle attachment

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48
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

________ ________ are oriented in the sagital plane- allowing for the largest degree of flexion/extension in the spine with a smaller degree of lateral flexion

A

Articular Facets

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49
Q

Lumbar Vertebra:

Articular facets are oriented in the __________ plane

A

sagital plane

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50
Q

Lumbar Vertebra’s articular facets in the sagital plane to allow for the largest degee of ________/________ in the spine with a smaller degree of __________ _________

A

flexion/extension

lateral flexion

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51
Q

Label the Lumbar Vertebra

A

A- Spinous process

B- Superior articular facet

C- Mammilary Process

D- Transverse process

E- Superior articular process

F- Superior vertebral notch

G- Body

H- Vertebral foramen

I- Vertebral Arch

J- Accessory Process

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52
Q

Label the Lumbar vertebra

A

A- body

B- superior articular process

C- Mammilary process

D- Transverse process

E- Spinous process

F- Inferior Articular Facet

G- Inferior articular process

H- Inferior Vertebral notch

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53
Q

The two costal facets of thoracic vertebra is called what

A

Demi-facets

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54
Q

Where are the two Demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra located?

A

along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies from T2-T10

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55
Q

Which Thoracic vertebra has demi-facets and which have just one costal facet?

A

T2-T10 have demi-facets

T1, T11-12 have one costal facets

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56
Q

Where on the thoracic vertebra are the transverse costal facets located?

A

on the transverse processes

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57
Q

What plane is the thoracic articular facets located?

A

coronal plane

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58
Q

The coronal plane of thoracic articular facets allow for what movements?

A

Rotation and sidebending

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59
Q

Some thoracic vertebrae possess downward sloping spinous processes which provide_________________________ and _______________________

A

provide protection to the spinal cord and limits extension ROM

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60
Q

What further limits the thoracic spine in further motion besides the spinous processes?

A

the rib attachments

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61
Q

Label the Thoracic Vertebrae

A
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62
Q

Lable the Thoracic

A
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63
Q

All cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina within their transverse prossesses to house the _______ _______

A

vertebral artery

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64
Q

all cervical vertebrae possess __________ _______

A

transverse foramina

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65
Q

Articular facets of the cervical vertebra are __________ to both the sagital and coronal plane

A

oblique

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66
Q

Articular facets are oblique to both the __________ and __________ planes

A

sagital and coronal

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67
Q

The most mobility in the vertebral column is found in the ______ region

A

cervical

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68
Q

What movements occur in the cervical spine?

A

Flexion, Extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

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69
Q

The mobility into flexion and extension in the cervical vertebra is further enhacned due to what?

A

the convex/concave relationship of the superior vertebral body on the inferior, in C3- C6

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70
Q

Uncovertebral joints of the cervical vertebra is also known as what?

A

Joints of Luschka

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71
Q

C2-C6 have _______ _______ __________

A

bifid spinous processes

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72
Q

____-____ have bifid spinous processess

A

C2-C6

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73
Q

____ aka vertebral prominens has the most posteriorly pronounced spinous process

A

C7

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74
Q

Label Cervical Vertebra

A
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75
Q
A
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76
Q

Atlas aka C1 has an absence of a ________ ________ and ______ _______

A

spinous process and vertebral body

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77
Q

the atlas, instead of a spinous process and vertebral body there are: ______ ______ and ______ _______ with corresponding _____________

A

anterior arches and posterior arches with corresponding tubercles

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78
Q

________ _______ ________ are kidney bean shaped and concave part of Atlas

A

superior articular facets

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79
Q

________ _______ _________ are oval shaped and concave part of Atlas

A

inferior articular facets

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80
Q

Label the Atlas

A
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81
Q

Axis aka C2 possesses all the elements of a standard cervical vertebra however it has the _____ or ________ ________ which sits superior to the body

A

Dens or Odontoid Process

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82
Q

Label

A
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83
Q

Label

A
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84
Q

What does AO Joint stand for?

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

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85
Q

The AO Joint is a specialed joint formed between a pair of _________ __________ of cranium and a pair of ________ ________ _________ of C1

A

Occipital Condyle

Superior articular facets

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86
Q

The AO Joint is categorized as what sort of joint?

A

Bi-condyloid synovial joint

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87
Q

Name the ligaments of the AO Joint (2)

A

1- Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

2- Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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88
Q

Name the Motions included in relations to AO Joint

A
  1. Capital flexion/extension
  2. Capital lateral flexion
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89
Q

Label

A
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90
Q

What does AA Joint stand for?

A

Atlanto-Axial Joint

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91
Q

How many points of articulation at AA Joint and where?

A

three points of articulations:

2 (left and right) LATERAL ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINTS
located between the inferior facets of the lateral masses of C1 and the superior facets of C2
1 MEDIAN ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT
located in between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of the atlas

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92
Q

___________ process of C2 articulating with the anterior arch of C1 form a ________ _______ ________

A

Odontoid process

synovial pivot joint

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93
Q

Where is the majority of cervical rotation located? and how much degrees of rotation?

A

Odontoid process of C2 articulating with the anterior arch of C1 forming a synovial pivot form

about 45 degrees

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94
Q

Label

A
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95
Q

The primary support for the AA joint comes from the ___________ ligament of the ____________ ligament

A

Transverse

cruciform

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96
Q

AA Joint is supporrted by Transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament but also contains ___________ and ___________ bands

A

superior and inferior bands

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97
Q

Ligaments that support the AA Joint prevents what?

A

prevents subluxation/dislocation of the dens

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98
Q

what does subluxation mean?

A

partical dislocation

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99
Q

What are the primary support ligaments of the AA Joint and where is it located?

A

transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament

located deep to the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE

100
Q

The Alar ligaments (2) run from the _______ ______ to the ______

A

occipital condyle

dens

101
Q

What does Alar ligaments do?

A

prevent excessive rotation (limiting ROM to 45 degrees)

and

does not provide support for the AA joint

102
Q

Name all ligaments that provide support to the AA Joint (3)

A

1-transverse ligament of the cruciform ligament

2- anterior antlanto-axial membrane

3- posterior antlanto-axial membrane

103
Q

Label

104
Q

Each vertebrae will articulate __________ with the vertebra above and below at the right and left _________ ________

A

articulate

articular facets

105
Q

The inferior articular facet will lie __________ to the superior articular facet

106
Q

each facet joint is surrounded by a ________ ______

A

joint capsule

107
Q

Z-Joint capsules are more lax in what regions and more restrictive in what regions?

A

lax in the cervical

more restrictive in the thoraco-lumbar regions

108
Q

________ facets are oblique between the fronal and transverse planes as well as oblique between the frontal and sagital planes.

What motion does this promote

A

Cervical

most mobility in any region of the spine

109
Q

_________ facets lie closet to the frontal plane

Allowing for what motion?

A

Thoracic facets

allowing for rotation and lateral flexion

110
Q

________ facets lie closest to the sagital plane.

Allowing for what motions?

A

Lumbar facets

allowing or mostly flexion/extension with some lateral flexion

111
Q

_____-_______ joints joint 2 adjacent vertebrae in what direction?

A

Inter-body joints

anteriorly

112
Q

Inter-body joints are classified as _____ joints where 2 vert bodies are joined by the fibrocartilagenous ______________ ______

A

symphysis

Intervertebral (IV) disc

113
Q

what is a Spinal Segment aka Functional Unit made up of(5)?

A

2 adjacent vertebrae

1 IV disc

1 end plate above the disc

1 end plate below the disc

114
Q

LABEL

115
Q

Where is the SI Joint aka Sacroiliac Joint found?

A

SI Joint is found between the Sacrum and the Innominate bones bilaterally

116
Q

The SI joint Anteriorly is ______ ______ ________

and Posteriorly is ___________

A

Synovial Plant Joint

Syndesmosis

117
Q

what is a syndesmosis

A

a slightly movable articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces are united by an interosseous ligament

118
Q

What is the SI joint supported by (4)?

A

1- sacroiliac

2- sacrospinous

3- sacrotuberous

4-to some degree iliolumbar ligaments

119
Q

How move and motion is allowed in the SI joints?

A

small amount in millimeters

120
Q

what is Nutation?

A

movement of sacral promontory anteriorly and inferiorly

aka flexion

121
Q

what is counternutation?

A

movement of sacral promontory posteriorly and superiorly

aka extension

122
Q

Label

123
Q

What are the two classification of spine ligaments?

A

Inter-segmental

and

Intra-segmental

124
Q

What is a Inter-segmental spine ligement?

and how many are there in the spine?

A

a ligament that transverse multiple spinal segments, running the full length of the spine.

There is one

125
Q

What is a Intra-segmental spine ligement?

how many are there in the spine?

A

ligaments that travel in between segments with multiple quantities of the ligament found in the spine

found in multiple sites in the spine

126
Q

Supraspinous Ligament:

Location

Type of spine ligament

Attachment to vertebrae

Function

Note

A

Location: most superfical posteriorly

Type of spine ligament: Inter-segmental

Attachment to vertebrae: runs along spinous processes of all vertebrae

Function: resists excessive trunk flexion

Note: thickened in the cervical region and is known as LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE aka nuchal ligament

127
Q
A

A- Vertebral canal

B- sup. articular facet

C- Post longitudinal ligament

D- Vertebral arch

E- Ligament flava

F- Sup. articular process

G- spinous process

H- interspinous ligaments

I- Intertransverse ligaments

J- Supraspinous ligament

K- Inf. articular facet

L- Facet joint capsule

M- Vert body

N- transverse process

O- ant. longitudinal ligament

P- nucleus pulposus

Q- Anulus fibrosis

R- intervertebral disk

128
Q

Interspinous Ligament:

Location

Type

Function

attachmented with?

A

Location: in between spinous processes

Type: Intra- segmental Ligament

Function: resists excessive trunk flexion

attachmented with: is intertwined with interspinous muscles

129
Q

Intertransverse Ligament:

Location

Type

Function

attachment with?

A

Location: found between transverse processes

Type: Intra- segmental

Function: resists excessive lateral flexion

attachment with: intertwined with intertransverse muscles

130
Q

Ligamentum Flavum:

Location

Type

Funciton

Note (2)

A

Location: found running from lamina to lamina

Type: Intra- segmental Ligament

Funciton: Resists excessive trunk flexion

Note (2): 1- Yellow in color due to large quantity of elastin fibers

2- Is continous with the posterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes

131
Q

LABEL

A

A- sup. articular process

B- Lamina

C- Ligamenta Flava

D- sup. articular process

E- Inf. articular facet

F- Spinous Process

G- ant. longitudinal ligament

H- Posterior longitudinal ligament

I- transverse process

J- Intertransverse Ligaments

132
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:

Location

Type

Function

Notes (2)

A

Location: runs along the posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies

Type: Inter-segmental

Function: resists excessive trunk flexion

Notes: 1- less developed in the Lumbar and Thoracic regions

2- well developed in the Cervical regions and becomes known as the Tectorial membrane in the cervical/ crancial region

133
Q

Label

A

A- Pedicles of vertebral arches

B- Intervertebral Foramen

C- Vert body

D- sup. articular facet

E- transverse process

F- inf. articular process

G- vertebral canal

H- spinous process

I- Gap in ligamentous reinforcement of the disk

J- IV disc

K- post. longitudinal ligament

L- Nutrient foramina

134
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament:

Location

Type

Function

Notes(2)

A

Location: runs along the anterior aspect of all vertebral bodies

Type: Inter-segmental Ligament

Function: resists excessive trunk extension

Notes (2): 1- well developed in the Lumbar region

2- is continous with the anterior atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes in the cervical/cranial regions

135
Q

Label

136
Q

IV Disc

consists of 3 parts what are they?

A
  • Anulous fibrosis in the PERIPHERY
  • Nucleus pulposus in the CENTER
  • End Plates SUP/INF of each disc
137
Q

IV Disc:

Lamellar is designed to do what (2)?

A

Lamellar is designed to increase strength

and

Resist tensile forces

138
Q

IV Disc:

Nucleus pulposus is designed to do what?

A

Nucleus pulposus is designed to reists compressive forces

139
Q

IV disc:

what is the function of endplates?

A

Endplates supply IV discs with nutrient and oxygen

as well as remove waste product via the process of diffusion

THIS is all due to the IV discs avascular nature

140
Q

LABEL

141
Q

what direction is Disc Herniation most commonly found and what region of the vert column?

A

Postero-laterally in the Lumbar region

142
Q

Disc herniation:

How is the disc protected anterioly?

A

Protection anteriorly due to the vast anterior longitudinal ligament

143
Q

Disc herniation:

how is the spinal cord protected?

A

spinal cord is protected by the posterior longitudinal ligament

144
Q

Disc herniation:

describe the most susceptible area for disc herniation

A

the most susceptible area is the postero-lateral where the spinal nerve root will emerge

145
Q

label

146
Q

What is the normal angle between L5 and S1?

A

angle between L5 and S1 is 30 degrees

147
Q

describe what will happen when the LUMBOSACRAL ANGLE is increased?

A

an increase in lumbrosacral angle will increase the tendency of L5 to translate forward on S1

aka

ANTERIOR SHEAR

148
Q

what can ANTERIOR SHEAR CAUSE (2)?

A

1- SPONDYLOLSIS- fracture of PARS INTERACTICULARIS

2- SPONDYLOLSTHESIS- anterior movement of vertebral body due to PARS fracture

149
Q

what does SPONDYLOSIS mean?

A

refers to arthritic bony growth along the spine

150
Q

Anterior shear happens mostly in the vert column however it is also a factor at the ________ ________

A

craniocervical junction

151
Q

what is an EXTRINSIC MUSCLE?

A

it originates in one region of the body and inserts on another.

It has the ability to act upon both regions

152
Q

what is an INTRINSIC MUSCLE?

A

it originates and inserts into 1 region of the body.

It only acts upon that 1 region

153
Q

What is the most superficial back muscle?

154
Q

What type of muscle is TRAPEZIUS

155
Q

How many portions does the TRAPEZIUS have? and what are they called?

A

3

Upper

Middle

Lower

156
Q

TRAPEZIUS predominately acts upon what body part?

A

the shoulders

157
Q

TRAPEZIUS:

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Origin-medial 1/3 of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T12

Insertion- Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, median side of acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine

Innervation- Motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4

Function- Bilateral contraction and unilateral contraction

Notes- the supero-lateral aspect of the splenius capitus is visible as it emerges from deep to trapezius

158
Q

Label

159
Q

Label

160
Q

Label

161
Q

Label

162
Q

Label

163
Q

Latissimus Dorsi:

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- vert spines from T7- Sacrum, posterior 1/3 of Iliac crest, lower 3-4 ribs, sometimes the inf. angle of the scapula

Insertion- Floor of the intertubercular groove

Innervation- Thoracodorsal nerve C7-C8 from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Function- extends the arm and rotates the arm medially

Notes- sup. portion is found just deep to the trapezius

  • the vast thoracolumbar fascia/aponeurosis with which the latissimus dorsi’s fibers blend
164
Q

Rhomboid Major:

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- Spines of T2-T5

Insertion- medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula

Innervation- Dorsal scapular nerve C5

Function- retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly

165
Q

Rhomboid Minor

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- Inferior end of the ligamentym nuchae, spines of vert C7 and T1

Insertion- medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula

Innervation- Dorsal scapular nerve C5

Function- retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly

166
Q

Levator scapula

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- Transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion- medial border of the scapula from the superior angel to the spine

Innervation- dorsal scapular nerve C5; the upper part of the muscle receives bracnhes from C3 and the C4 spinal nerves

Function- elevates scapula

Notes- Resists ANTERIOR SHEAR in the cervical region

-becomes overworked in a forward head posture

167
Q

What is the TRIANGLE OF AUSCULTATION composed of (3)?

A

1- rhomboid major LATERALLY

2-lower trapezius MEDIALLY

3- latissimus dorsi INFERIORLY

168
Q

what is the clincial relevance of the triangle of auscultation?

A

area where posterior lung sounds are heard easily due to decrease in muscle thickness

169
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- Ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1-T3

Insertion- Ribs 2-4

Innervation- Intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic region)

Function- elevates the upper ribs

Notes: attachments would dictate respiratory function, BUT they appear to provide more proprioception

-found just deep to rhomboids

170
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior:

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Extrinsic

Origin- T11-T12 and L1-L2

Insertion- Ribs 8-12

Innervation- Intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic region)

Function- Pulls down lower ribs

Notes- found deep to latissimus dorsi

171
Q

label

172
Q

label

173
Q

Deep muscles of the back were named by the region the spine in which they are found:

what are these suffixes used for?

Lumborum

Thoracis

Cervicis

Capitus

A

Lumbar region

Thoracic region

Cervical region

Capital region

174
Q

Erector spinae:

consists of 3 groups of muscle, what are they and what are their positioning?

A

1- ILIOCOSTALIS- most lateral and only ES muscle found in the lumbar region

2- LONGISSIMUS- intermediate muscle from left to right, projects from thoracic region to capital

3-SPINALIS- most medial ES, projects from thoracic region to capital

175
Q

What type of muscle is Erector Spinae

176
Q

label

177
Q

LABEL

178
Q

What is the Erector spinae innervated by?

A

Dorsal rami

179
Q

What type of muscle is Erector spinae

180
Q

Erector spinae:

which three muscles runs superiorly towwards ribs and cervical transverse processes?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

Iliocostalis thoracis

Iliocostalis cervicis

181
Q

Erector spinae:

which three muscles runs superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles, to transverse processes in cervical region and to mastoid process

A

Longissimus thoracis

longissimus cervicis

longissimus capitus

182
Q

Erector spinae:

which three muscles runs superiorly along psinous processes of thoracic and cervical region to the cranium?

A

Spinalis thoracis

spinalis cervicis

capitus

183
Q

The Erector spinae functions with three types of contractions, what are they called and what do they do?

A

1- Unilateral contraction- produces ipsilateral lateral flexion

*ipsilateral= belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.

2- Bilateral contraction- produces extension of the trunk

3- Ipsilateral rotation- Iliocostalis produces this

184
Q

Splenius Cervicis/Capitus

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Intrinsic

Origin- C7-T3 spinous processes

Insertion- Transverse processes of cervical vertebra, superior nuchal line, and mastoid process

Innervation- dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C2-C6

Function- Produces ipsilateral rotation, ipsilateral lateral flexion with unilateral contraction

Note- has some ability to produce extension with bilateral contraction

-found deep to the upper trapezius

185
Q

label

186
Q

Multifidus:

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type- Intrinsic

Origin- transverse process spanning 2-4 segments

Insertion- spinous process spanning 2-4 segments

Innervation- dorsal rami

Function- Unilateral contraction produces contralateral rotation and/or ipsilateral lateral flexion

-bilateral contraction produces trunk extension

Notes- designed to produce posterior shear to counteract the natural anterior shear due to LORDOTIC curvature

  • found deep to ES running the entire length of the spine
  • well developed in the lumbosacral region (runs more vertical here)
187
Q

label

188
Q

label

189
Q

Rotatores: Brevis/ Longus

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Origin: Brevis/Longus - tranverse process

Insertion- Brevis- spines 1 vertebrae above origin, Longus- spines 2 vertebrae above origin

Innervation- dorsal rami

Function- same primary movements as multidus (rotates the vertebral column to the opposite side)

Notes- found deep to multifidus in the thoracic spine

190
Q

Semispinalis: thoracis/cervicis/capitus

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Type-Intrinsic

Origin- C4-T12 transverse processes

Insertion- spinous processes spanning 4-6 vertebrae above origin

Innervation- dorsal rami

Function-the vertical orientation of fibers is best suited to produced extension

Notes- found deep to splenius muscles

-greater occipital nerve C2 pierces through the semiphinalis, which is maybe a cause of headaches which radiate from posteior neck to anterior head

191
Q

Levator costarum:

Type

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

A

Type- Intrinsic

Origin- transverse processes

Insertion- rib below its origin

Innervation- dorsal rami

Function- elevates rib

192
Q

Quadratus Lumborum:

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

Notes

A

Origin- Posterior part of Iliac creast

Insertion- transverse processes of L1-L5 and 12th rib

Innervation- ventral rami of T12-L5

Function- Unilateral contraction may produce ipsilateral lateral flexion or elevation of the pelvis

Notes- found lateral to multifidus

-forms most posterior boundary of abdominal wall

193
Q

Interspinalis:

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

A

Origin- upper border of spinous process

Insertion- lower border of spinous process above

Innervation- dorsal rami nerves C1-L5

Function- extend trunk and neck

194
Q

Intertransversarii:

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

A

Origin- Upper border of transverse processes

Insertion- lower border of transverse processes above

Innervation- dorsal rami of spinal nerves C1-L5

Function- laterally bend trunk and neck

195
Q

Suboccipital muscles:

Name the 4 muscles and its origin/insertion

A

1-Rectus capitus posterior minor: posterior tubercleof C1 to inferior nuchal line

2- Rectus capitus posterior major: spinous process of C2 to inferior nuchal line

3- Superior oblique- transverse process of C1 to occiput between the sup. and inf. nuchal lines

4- Inferior oblique- spinous process of C2 to transverse process of C1

196
Q

Suboccipital Muscles: related to all 4 of them

Innervation

Function

Note

A

Innervation- suboccipital nerve

Function- Bilateral contraction produces capital extension

-Unilateral contraction produces capital ipsilateral rotation

Note- found deep to semispinalis capitus between C2 and occiput

197
Q

Label

198
Q

Label

199
Q

Suboccipital Triangle:

How many boundaries are present and name them and their orientation

A

3

1-Rectus capitis posterior major MEDIALLY

2-Superior oblique LATERALLY

3- Inferior oblique INFERIORLY

200
Q

What nerve and artery is contained in the Suboccipital Triangle?

A

Suboccipital Nerve

Vertebral Artery

201
Q

label

202
Q

Dorsal Root:

  • articulates with ___________ aspect of spinal cord at the _________ _______
  • carries ____________ information
  • cell body of the nerve is located in the ________ _____ _________
A

articulates with posterior aspect of the spinal cord at the dorsal horn

afferent(sensory) information

cell body is located in the dorsal root ganglion

203
Q

Ventral Root:

  • articulates with the __________ aspect of the spinal cord at the __________ ________
  • carries _____________ information
  • cell body is located within the __________ _______
A

articulates with the anterior aspect of the spinal cord at the ventral horn

carries efferent (motor) information

cell body is located within the ventral horn

204
Q

Dorsal and Ventral roots converge to form _______ _______ ______ which emerges via the __________ ________

A

spinal nerve root

transverse foramen

205
Q

The spinal nerve root splits into __________ and _________ rami which carry both sensory and motor information

A

dorsal rami

ventral rami

206
Q

where does the dorsal rami supply sensation to?

A

to the back

207
Q

what type of muscle does the dorsal rami innervate?

208
Q

where does the Ventral rami supply sensation to ?

A

anterior trunk

209
Q

what type of muscles does Ventral rami innervate?

A

Intrinsic muscles

210
Q

where does the Ventral rami innervate?

A

anterior trunk

211
Q

Ventral Rami form plexuses that both sensory and motor information be sent to UE (____-____) and LE (___-___)

A

upper extremity C5-T1

lower extremity L2-S3

212
Q

The spinal cord is covered in how many layers of connective tissues called Meninges? and what are they called and oriented?

A

3

1- Dura mater- most superficial

2-Arachnoid Mater- intermediate

3- Pia Mater- most intimate layer

213
Q

what level does the spinal cord terminate at?

214
Q

The tapering of the spinal cord at L1-L2 is known as what?

A

Conus Medularis

215
Q

Nerve roots that emerge from the Conus Meduaris is known as what?

A

Cauda equina

216
Q

The end of Conus Medularis is tethered to the Sacum via a continuation of Pia Mater known as what?

A

Filum Terminale

217
Q

Pia mater is thered to arachnoid and dura mater at multiple locations along the spinal cord via what?

A

Denticulate Ligaments

218
Q

In the Cervical Spine:

nerve roots will emerge superior or inferior to the correspoinding vertebra?

A

Superior

i.e. C1 nerve root will emerge superior to C1 vertebra

C2 nerve root will emerge superior to C2 vertebra and etc until

C7nerve root emerge superior to C7 vertebra

219
Q

Inferior to C7 vertebra what spinal nerve root will emerge?

A

C8 spinal nerve root

220
Q

All nerve roots in the Thoracic and Lumbar regions emerge inferior or superior to the corresponding vertebra?

221
Q

If an individual sustained IV disc herniation at L4-L5, which spinal nerve root may be compressed?

222
Q

What are the two things that limit the ROM of the Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

The Ribs and the Donward sloping spinous processes

223
Q

There are different types of Costal Facets on the Thoracic vertebrae that articulate the ribs. What are the two spots and where do they touch the ribs?

A

Costal Facets on the Vertebral body articulate the Head of the Rib

Costal Facets on the Transverse process articulate the Tubercle of the Rib

224
Q

What blood vessel travels through the Cervical Vertebra?

HINT: for the brain.

A

Vertebral artery

225
Q

What does the Cervical and Lumbar Vertebra have such a large Foramen?

A

Cervical has a large triangle like foramen due to Brachial Plexus

Lumbar also has Plexus

226
Q

What is the cervical vertebra the most mobile?

A

Due to the concave vertebral body

and

oblique facets

227
Q

What does the Atlas C1 lack that is part of a normal vertebra (4)?

A

Spinous process

Vertebral Body

Pedicle*

Lamina*

*aka Vertebral arch

228
Q

The Dens is aka the what?

A

Dontoid Process

229
Q

How can you describe the physical properties of a Condyloid Synovial Joint?

A

it has a oval Convex

and

oval Concave

230
Q

The Cervical can rotate the head about 90 degree.

45 degree is where? and the rest of the 45 degrees is where?

A

50% is from the AA joint

50% is from C3-C7

231
Q

What is Alar Ligaments main purpose?

A

to limit ROM

232
Q

What type of membrane is the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament that is near the AA joint?

A

Tectorial membrane

it is very thick for it is a secondary line of protection

233
Q

If the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament is the backup for protect the AA joint, what is the Primary restraint of the AA joint?

A

Transverse Ligament of the Atlas

it prevents dislocation and subluxation of the dens

234
Q

What is the only Ligament that resists Excessive trunk EXTENSION?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

235
Q

What is the physical property/construction of Lamellar and what sort of force does it resist?

A

It is in multiple layers

It resists Tensile Force

236
Q

What sort of foce does Nucleus propulus resist?

A

Compressive forces

237
Q

Costal of the Thoracic body articulates which part of the rib?

A

Head of the rib

238
Q

On the transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae what part of the rib does it articulate?

A

The Tuberacle

239
Q

What two vertebral regions is there a big vertebral foramen and why?

A

The Cervical and Lumbar due to many nerve endings being channeled out of there. ie the plexuses

240
Q

Why is the Cervical Vertebral region the most mobile?

A

1- Has vertebral body that has concave/convex lateral grooves

2- Oblique facets that are oblique in three planes

241
Q

What structures does the Atlas lack?

A

Spinous process, Lamina, Pedicle, and Vertebral body

242
Q

What sort of cartilage is located where the Dens articulates the Atlas?

A

Hyline cartilage

243
Q

What is Dens aka?

A

Dontoid Process

244
Q

What shape is the AO joint and what sort of joint is it?

A

Oval convex and Oval concave

resulting in a condyloid joint a synovial condyloid joint to be more exact

245
Q

Name the two 50% range creating areas of the total 90 degrees of the cervical vertebrae region.

A

1- 50% from the AA joint

2- 50% from the rest of C3-C7

246
Q

What motion is is the Zygapophyseal aka Facet Joint known for?

A

Gliding or sliding joint

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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