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Anatomy 1 > 0- Gross Anatomy Intro. > Flashcards

0- Gross Anatomy Intro. Flashcards

1
Q

What does the work anatomy derived from the Greek work Temnein mean?

A

To cut

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2
Q

What are the two systemic approaches for Anatomy?

A

Regional anatomy: a method of studying the body by region ie thorax, abdomen etc

Systemic anatomy: a method of studying the body by systems ie circulatory system, respiratory system etc

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3
Q

what is the anatomical position used for?

A

reference when describing parts of the body in a universal standard

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4
Q

Name 5 types of position that the body can be in and still maintain anatomical position?

A

standing, lying down, supine, prone, sidelying

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5
Q

name 5 factors that add up to anatomical position

A
  • standing erect
  • head, eyes, toes foward
  • feet together
  • arms by the side
  • palms facing forward
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6
Q

What does the frontal or coronal plane seperate the body into?

A

anterior and posterior parts

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7
Q

What does the median or midsagittal plane seperate the body into?

A

Right and left parts

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8
Q

what does the horizontal planes separate the body into?

A

superior and inferior parts

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9
Q

What does Rostral mean?

A

towards the “beak” opposite of the “caudal” of the head aka towards the back of the head

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10
Q

how many degrees of freedom does circumduction have?

A

3 degrees of freedom

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11
Q

Thumb towards the midline of the palm is known as what?

A

Opposition

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12
Q

What is the opposite of opposition?

A

Reprosition

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13
Q

What is Thumb to pinky?

A

three degrees of freedom: opposition, flexion, abduction

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14
Q

In the feet, when there is pronation and supination what part of the feet is changing direction?

A

The arch of the feet

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15
Q

What are the three parts of supination of the feet

A

plantar flex, adduction, and inversion

PADI

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16
Q

What is the three parts of the feet pronation.

A

Dorsal flexation, abduction, eversion

DABE

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17
Q

Scapular adduction is the same as scapular_________

A

retraction

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18
Q

Scapular abduction is the same as scapular________.

A

Protraction

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19
Q

When opposition happens the metacarples are rotating in what plane?

A

Transverse plane

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20
Q

What is an important reason for knowing anatomical landmarks?

A

for frame of reference

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21
Q

When the head is in protrusion, what is the upper cervical and lower cervical doing?

A

the upper is extended

and

the lower is in flexion

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22
Q

When the head is in Retraction what is the upper and lower cervical doing?

A

upper is in flexion

and

lower is in extension

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23
Q

What is Wolff’s Law and how is it used in PT?

A

Dr. Wolff said development in the bony skeleton the more external force that is applied makes it more prone to develop thicker and bigger bony parts

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24
Q

What does shoulder elevation mean?

A

the gross term says that it is any upward movement of the shoulder

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25
Q

name 3 types of shoulder elevation

A

shoulder abduction

shoulder flexion

scaption

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26
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions right upper right to lower left

A

Right hypocondriac region, Epigastric, left hypocondriac

Right lumbar, umbicial, left lumbar region

Right inguinal, hypogastric aka pubic, left inguinal region

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27
Q

Fill in the blank

A
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28
Q

Fill in the blank

A
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29
Q

What fluid is found in the lung?

A

Surfactin to reduce surface tension and destick the humid air

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30
Q

Serius membranes has fluid, what are the two layers which is close to the organ and which is further?

A

visceral is attached to the organ

parietal is more superficial

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31
Q

In the pericardium there is a serius membrane with fluid, what is it’s function?

A

to lubicate the heart and also to keep it cool

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32
Q

What is the two parts of the Integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane

and

Accessory structures

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33
Q

What makes up the Cutaneous membrane(2)?

A

epidermis

and

dermis

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34
Q

name three accessory structures?

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • exocrine glands
  • sebaceous glands
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35
Q

What is the largest sensory organ?

A

the integumentary system

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36
Q

name some functions of the skin

A
  • Protect the inner tissues and organs
  • Excretes: salt water water etc
  • maintains temperature
  • synthesizes vit D
  • Stores lipids
  • Detect senses
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37
Q

what is Lines of Cleave also known as?

A

Langer Lines

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38
Q

In the body where is there keratin (2)?

A

nail hair

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39
Q

What two things are arranged in parallel bundles in the Langer lines?

A

Collagen and Elastic fiber

they resist force in a specific direction

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40
Q

What is Collagen?

A

it is a saffolding

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41
Q

What is the duty of Elastic Fibers?

A

ability to recoil after being stretched out

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42
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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43
Q

What does compliant mean?

A

the ability for a elastic fiber to return to orginal form

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44
Q

What are the two components that composes the skeletal system?

A

cartilage and bones

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45
Q

What does brachium region mean in latin?

A

arm

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46
Q

The humeral area is technically called what?

A

the arm

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47
Q

Thigh plus leg equals what?

A

LE

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48
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

support

  • storage of calcium and phosphorus
  • blood cell production in the marrow
  • Protection
  • leverage for motion
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49
Q

What are bones identified by?

A

Shape

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50
Q

What are the shapes of bones?

A

Long bone

Flat bone

Irregular

Short bone

Sesamoid bone ie petalla (aka floating bone)

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51
Q

What is a sesamoid bone and name some

A

floating bone inbedded in a sea of tendons

patella

and

hyoid

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52
Q

what is Diaphysis

A

yellow marrow

the shaft

compact bone

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53
Q

Epiphysis

A

Red marrow

wide part of each end

spongy bone

articulating with the other bones

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54
Q

Metaphysis

A

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

55
Q

What is Cortical bone vs trabeculae

A

cortical bone= dense

trabeculae=spongy

56
Q

What happens with long bone before and during puberty?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage disappears and the changes are visible on the x-rays as an apiphyseal line

57
Q

What is Mesenchyme?

A

embryonic connective tissue during bone develoment

58
Q

What are the two forms of bone development?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral ossification

59
Q

What Intramembranous bone development?

A

Mesencyhmal scaffolding of bone forms during embyonic period(first 8 weeks) and Ossifies directly to bone during the fetal period (end of 8 weeks until birth)

60
Q

What is Endochondral bone development?

A

Cartilagenous scaffolding of bone forms during the fetal period and may continue to ossify into later puberty/early adulthood

61
Q

What does mesenchymal cells differentiate into and form what?

A

Chondroblasts

and then forms into cartilagenous framework

62
Q

Where is the primary ossification center? when periostial capillaries become impregnated withing developing bone?

A

Diaphysis

63
Q

What is the secondary ossification center?

A

Epiphyses

64
Q

What is the epiphses fed by?

A

epiphyseal arteries

65
Q

What is the growth plates called and complete ossifies here and then ceases growth

A

Epiphyseal

66
Q

Most of the nerves that enter with arteries are ______ having few sensory nerve fibers.

A

vasomotor

67
Q

The bone is supplied with numerous sensory nerves fibers therefore?

A

has a pain sensitivity

68
Q

Name the two major sets of blood vessels related to bone?

A

Metaphyseal vessels

and

periosteal vessels

69
Q

What is Metaphyseal vessles?

A

where bone growth occurs

and

supply the epiphyseal cartilage/secondary ossification centers

70
Q

What does Periosteal vessels provide?

A

Provides blodo to superficial osteons

and

its a primary ossification centers

71
Q

Where in the bone is there a network of lymphatics?

A

in the periosteum

72
Q

noseoceptors what is it?

A

pain receptors

73
Q

What is a cartilage?

A

Cartilage is an Avascular form of Connective Tissue

74
Q

How many types of Cartilage are there?

A

three

75
Q

What are the three types of Cartilage?

A

1- Hyaline

2- Elastic

3- Fibrocartilage

76
Q

What are some unque features of Hyaline Cartilage?

A
  • Most common
  • Their matrix contains a moderate amount of Collagen fibers
  • are present in Articular Surfaces
77
Q

What is unique about Elastic Cartilage?

A
  • Matrix contains Collagen Fibers with Large Elastic Fibers
  • found External Eat
78
Q

What is unique to Fibrocartilage Cartilage?

A
  • Matrix contains a small number of cells but has a big amout of collagen fibers
  • located in IV disc
79
Q

What are Articulation Joints?

A

Articulation joints are joints where there are union of bone

80
Q

What are the three types of Articulation Joints?

A
  • Synarthrosis (Fibrous) Joint
  • Amphiarthrosis (Cartilagenous) Joint
  • Diarthrosis (Synovial) Joint
81
Q

What is Synarthrosis (Fibrous)Joint?

A

It is an Articulation joint that is joined by Fibrous Connective Tissue

82
Q

What is an Amphiathrosis (Cartilagenous) joint?

A

An articulation joint that is joined by Cartilage

83
Q

What is Diarthrosis (Synovial) Joint?

A

Articulation Joint CAPSULE that is lined with Synovial membrane

84
Q

Articulations: Synarthroses (Fibrous ) Joints, what are they and how many subdivision are there?

A

Synarthroses (fibrous) joint are immoveable joints and can be subdived into 3 types

85
Q

What are the 3 subdivision of Synarthroses joint aka Fibrous joint?

A

1- Gomphosis

2- Suture

3- Syndesmosis

86
Q

What is Gomphosis?

A

It is an Articulation, Synarthroses immovable joint

-pertains to joints found between the teeth and the mandible/maxilla

87
Q

What is a Suture?

A

Articulation, Synarthroses an immovable joint

  • refers to joints between bones that have fused
  • FONTANELS= spaces between flat bones of the skull during infancy that fuse together as sutures when it matures
88
Q

What is a Syndesmosis?

A

Articulation, Synarthroses immovable joint

  • these joints are joined by an INTERosseous membrane between the Radius/Ulna, Tib/Fib, and select ares of the Sacroiliac Joint.
  • helps maintain bones in a certain position
89
Q

What is Amphiarthroses joints aka Cartilagenous joint

A

Amphiarthoses are articulants that are semi-movable joints that can be subdivided into 2 categories

90
Q

What are the two types of Amphiarthoses aka Cartilagenous joints?

A

Primary cartilagenous (Synchondrosis)

and

Secondary cartilagenous (Symphysis)

91
Q

What is the Primary Cartilagenous?

A

aka Synchondrosis joint

-joint surfaces are primarily joined by Hyaline Cartilage

located in: Costochondral joints and the costo

sternal joints of the 1st, 6th, and 7th ribs

92
Q

What is the Secondary Cartilagenous?

A

aka Symphysis joint

-joint surfaces that are covered with a thin layer of Hyaline Cartilage and joined by Fibrocartilage in the form of the disks or pads

located in: Intervertebral joint, manubriosternal joint, symphysis pubis

93
Q

What is Diarthroses aka? and what to all Diarthroses have(4) and some have this one feature(1)?

A

aka Synovial Joint

1- Hyaline cartilage- lines the ends of the joining bones

2- Liagements(for bone to bone)- which appy static support to the joint

3- Fibrous Joint Capsule surrounding the joint

4- Synovial membrane- it lines the joint capsule

(some) secondary support structures made of Fibrocartilage (Menisci, Labrum, Disks, Palmar/Plantar plates)

94
Q

What are some secondary support structures and what are they composed of?

A

Menisci

Labrum

Disks

Palmar plates

plantar plates

they are composed of Fibrocartilage

95
Q

What are some functions for the Joint capsule?

A
  • Synovial fluid helps with movement
  • synovial fluid- helps with nutrients to avascular cartialge
  • reduces friction
96
Q

There are 6 subdivision of the Synovial Joint aka Diarthroses joint. what are they?

A
  • Gliding/Plane ie AC joint
  • Hinge ie elbow joint
  • Pivot ie AA joint
  • Condyloid ie MCP joint
  • Saddle ie 1st CMC joint
  • Ball and socket ie hip and shoulder has 3 degrees of freedom
97
Q

What does degrees of freedom mean?

A

how many planes are being crossed

98
Q

In a synovial membrane what causes more synovial fluid to be produced?

A

movement promotes more synovial fluid to be produced

99
Q

What are some function of the Synovial fluid?

A
  • lubrication
  • nutrients to be sent to the carilage since they are avascular
  • reduced friction
100
Q

There are three ways of describing the Synovial Joints based on movement what are the three ways?

A

1- Uniaxial= 1 DOF ie flexion/extension at elbow joint

2-Biaxial= 2 DOF ie flexion/extension and abduction/add at MCP joint

3- Multiaxial= 3 DOF ie flex/ex, abd/add, and IR/ER at shoulder joint

101
Q

Label

A
102
Q

What are the three types of Muscle Tissue?

A

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

103
Q

Name the unique factors of the Cardiac Muscle (4).

A

1- Non-voluntary

2- Found in the Heart

3- Multinucleus and striated

4- Interlocking fibers to allow to self proprigate electrical signals

104
Q

Name unique factors of the smooth muscle.

A

1- non-voluntary

2- found in the blood vessels, GI Tract

3- Visceral

105
Q

What is unique about the skeletal muscle.

A

1- Voluntary

2- Striated

3- Produces skeletal movement

4- maintain body position

5- support soft tissue

6- Guard body openings

7- maintain body temperature

106
Q

Where does it tell you the function of the muscle?

A

The location where the muscle crosses in a joint

107
Q

What are the four basic patterns of Fascicle organization?

A

1- Parallel

2- Convergent

3- Pennate

4- Circular

108
Q

Why is the Pennate skeletal muscles in the oblique shape that they are in?

A

It allows for more muscle fibers to fit in the same area and therefore resulting in more force

109
Q

What is unique about convergent muscle?

A

It has multiple functions

110
Q

IN microscopic myofilament overlap what are the two parts that overlap?

A

Actin and Myosin

111
Q

When in the myofilament sliding theory is there tension produced?

A

when the Myosin head binds with the active site on actin to produce a “corss bridge”

112
Q

What is a functional muscle unit called?

A

Sarcomere

113
Q

What additional action wil take place to increase the already overlap of myofilaments?

A

The Myosin head will rotate

114
Q

The process of sliding myofilament will _____________ as long as the muscular activity is sustained.

A

repeat

115
Q

What are the three types of Muscle contractions?

A

1- Isometric

2- Concentric

3- Eccentric

116
Q

Out of the three types of muscle contractions what can every muscle be (2 out of the 3)?

A

Every muscle can be Concentrict and Eccentric

117
Q

What is Isometric muscle contraction?

A

When there is Acting and Myosin coupling with no movements

118
Q

What is concentric muscle contractions?

A

The muscle is shortened

An example is when the elbow joint is flexed or extended

119
Q

What is Eccentric muscle contractions?

A

When muscle is used to decelerate a body part

ie slowing down after running

ie slowly lowering the arm

ie parts of walking

120
Q

Fill in these blanks:

Types of muscle fibers are:

Type I: _______ _______ _________

Type II A: _______ ________ _______ ________

Type II B: _______ ______ ________

A

Type I: Slow Twitch Oxidative

Type II A: Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic

Type II B: Fast Twitch Glycolytic

121
Q

What are the 4 types of Blood Vessels?

A

1- Arteries/Arterioles

2- Veins/ Venuoles

3- Capillary Bed

4- Anastomosis

122
Q

What are the three blood vessel layers starting from most superficial to deep

A

Tunica Externa

Tunica Media

Tunica Intima

123
Q

What is Anastomosis blood vessels?

A

They are a network of the same kind (vein & vein, or artery & artery) and they are in a path of multiple parallel sets to ensure a path even with one being obstructed

124
Q

What happens in a Capillary Bed?

A

Gaseous exchange and nutrient exchange

125
Q

Name some facts about Arteries/Arterioles.

A

1- Oxygen rich except in Pulmonary Artery

2- Away from the heart

3- Larger diameter

126
Q

What does the vein lack that causes them to appear purple or blue?

A

Smooth muscle particularly Tunica Media

127
Q

What color is Tunica media?

A

Pink/White

128
Q

What is the hole deep to Tunica intima in blood vessle called?

A

Lumen

129
Q

What are the three parts of Nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

130
Q

What constitutes as CNS?

A

Brain

and

Spinal Cord

131
Q

What are the two parts of Autonomic Nervous Systema and describe them.

A

Sympathetic- Fight or Flight

Parasympathetic- Rest and Digest

132
Q

What does a bundle of nerves look like?

A

Striated

133
Q
A

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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