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Foundations 1 > 1-6 Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

1-6 Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose -> G-6-P

A

Hexokinase catalyzes (glucokinase if in liver, not inhibited by anything), ATP input ADP output

Hexokinase regulation exists

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2
Q

Fates of Glucose-6-P

A
  1. glycoprotein/glycolipids, proteoglycans, glucuronides
  2. cygolysis
  3. pentose phosphate pathway
  4. glycogen synthesis
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3
Q

Glycolysis overview

A

All cells utilize
oxidiation 1 mole glucose -> 2 mole pyruvate = 2 ATP, 4e- (as NADH)
Aerobi or anaerobic
Occurs in cytosol

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4
Q

Steps of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose + ATP via HEXOKINASE/GLUCOKINASE -> Glucose-6-P + ADP
  2. G6P via ISOMERASE -> fuctuose6P
  3. F6P + ATP via PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1 -> Fructose16BP + ADP
  4. F16BP via ALDOLASE -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) or glyceraldehyde-3-P (ISOMERASE can convert between these 2 3C molecules)
  5. glyceraldehyde3P + NAD+ via GLYCERALDEHYDE3P DEHYDROGENASE -> 1,3,bisphosphoglycerate + NADH
  6. 1,3,bisphosphoglycerate + ADP via KINASE ->3phosphoglycerate + ATP
  7. mutase -> 2phosphoglycerate
  8. enolase -> phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
  9. PEP + ADP via PYRUVATE KINASE -> pyruvate + ATP
  10. pyruvate + NADH via LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE -> lactate + NAD+
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5
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A

Process to shuttle e- into mito

glyceraldehyde3P + 2NAD+ via GLYCERALDEHYDE3P DEHYDROGENASE -> 1,3,bisphosphoglycerate + 2NADH

The NADH can donate electrons to oxidized species to make them reduced and then send that reduced species to ETC

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6
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP +2Pi -> 2 lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O + 2H=

glyceraldehyde 3P +NAD+->13bisphosglycerate +NADH-> pyrvuate +NADH via LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-> lactate + NAD+ (sent to liver)

method of cycling NAD/NADH internally

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7
Q

Energy yield from 1 mole glycolysis

A

input steps:
glucose->Fructose16BP = 2 ATP

Output:
2 13bisphosglycerate -> 2 pyruvate -> 4 ATPs
glyceraldehyde3P -> 13bisphosglycerate -> 2 NADH -> 5 ATP via oxphos

Sum: 7 moles ATP

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8
Q

Regulation of glycolysis

A

Glucose to G6P
1. Hexokinase - G6P

Fructose6P to Fructose 16bisP
2. Phosphofuctuokinase-1 +AMP(allo) +F26bisP(reuglated by insulin/glucagon ratio) -ATP(allo) -citrate(from mito when oxyphos high and producing E)

PEP to pyruvate
3. Pyruvate kinase: +F16bisP -ATP

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9
Q

Fructose metabolism

A
  1. Fructose + ATP via FRUCTOKINASE -> F1P + ADP
  2. F1P via ALDOLASE B -> DihydroxyacetoneP + Glyceraldehyde
    3-1. dihydoxyacetoneP —-> triacylglyerol synth
    3-2. Glyceraldephyde + ATP via TRIOSE KINASE -> ADP + Glyceraldehyde3P(to pyruvate for FA or TCA or lactate)
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10
Q

Galactose metabolism

A
  1. Galactose + ATP via GALACTOKINASE-> Galactose1P + ADP
  2. Galactose1P + UPD-glucose via GALACTOSE1P URIDYLYTRANSFERASE-> UDP-Galactose + Glucose1P
  3. G1P -> G6P -> Glucose ->pyrvuate
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11
Q

Diseases of glycolysis

A

galactosemia

fructosuria

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12
Q

Glycolysis conditions for biosynth fxn

A

where: cytoplasms
when: well fed, low energy consumption, growth

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13
Q

Polyol pathway

A
  1. glucose + NADPH via ALDOSE REDUCTASE -> Sorbitol + NADP+

2. Sorbitol + NAD+ via SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE -> Fructose + NADH

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14
Q

Glycation production of Advanced Glycation End products (AGE)

A

Non-enzymatic addition of reducing sugars to proteins

very slow process of long lived proteins which accumulate sugars added to them in overload of sugar ex. diabetes HbA1c

Caused by: inflammation, neovascularizeation, cros linkage with ECM, oxidative stress

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15
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) overview

A

Where: cytoplasm
When: well fed low E consumption, growth, need for reducing agents

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16
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A
  1. Glucose -> G6P

Oxidative: 2. G6P + 2NADP +H2O via GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE -> Ribulose5phosphate +2NADPH + 2H+ CO2 // Xyulose 5 phosphate // Ribose 5 phosphate

Non-oxidative: 2.1: G6P->F6P->xyulose5phosphate // Ribose 5 phosphate

All reversible based on cells needs

17
Q

Gluconeogenesis overview (what cells/where, energy required)

A

where: mitochondria and cytoplasm of liver kidney intestin
when: fsting, starvation, lowcarb diet, intense exercise

Energy require: 4ATP, 2 GTP/glucose

3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

18
Q

3 irreversible steps of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. OAA +GTP via PEP CARBOXYKINASE –> PEP +GDP
  2. F16BP + Pi via FUCTOSE BISPHOSPATASE -> F6P
  3. G6P + Pi via GLUCOSE6PHOSPHATASE -> Glucose
19
Q

Glucogenic AAs

A

Mostly Alanine, ehh

20
Q

Conversion Pyruvate to PEP

A

midochondria

  1. Pyruvate +CO2-biotin + ATP via PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE -> OAA + ADP + Pi
  2. OAA -> Malate OR aspartate
  3. Malate OR Aspartate through transporter to…

Cytosol

  1. Malate -> OAA
  2. OAA + GTP via PEPCARBOXYKINASE -> PEP + CO2 + GDP

Also in cytosol: PEP +ADP via PYRUVATE KINASE -> Pyruvate + ATP

21
Q

Regulation of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. availability of substrates: glycerol, lactate, AA
  2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase inactive
  3. Pyruvate carboxylase active
  4. PEP carboxykinase induced
  5. Pyruvate kinase inactive
  6. Acitvation ad induction of F16bphosphatase
  7. Induction of G6phosphatase
22
Q

Glycogen Synthesis

A

Free ends=non reducing ends

made of a1,6linkage or a1,4linkage

  1. Glucose6P +UTP via PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE -> UDP-Glucose +PPi
  2. Glycogen core + UPD-Glucose via GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE -> UDP + non-reducing end of glycogen branch now 1 glucose longer
    * once 6 have been added, breaks and makes new branch via 4,6TRANSFERASE
23
Q

Glycogen degradation

A
  1. Glycogen core + 8Pi via GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE -> 8 Glucose-1-P
  2. cannot recongize a branch less than 4 glucose so 4:4 transferase moves branch to main body of glycogen core and elave 1 glucose behind, a-1,6-GLUCOSIDASE can remove that 1 glucose

Foundations 1 (41 decks)

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