1-4 - Prelinguistic Development: Production

Question 0

What question does Speech Production attempt to answer?

Answer 0

What does the infant articulate?

Question 1

What question does Speech Perception attempt to answer?

Answer 1

What does the infant discriminate?

Question 2

What hypothesis of Speech Production did Jakobson offer?

Answer 2

Infants babble all sounds

It’s the infant practicing

Question 3

Is there evidence to support Jakobson’s theory?

Answer 3

There is no evidence to support this

Question 4

What hypothesis of Speech Production did Locke offer? How accurate was he?

Answer 4

Infants follow invariant stages

The range of speech sounds is not random; they are specific to the current stage.

Stops are more common. Fricatives are rare.

This was almost right

Question 5

What hypothesis of Speech Production did de Boyssons- Bardies offer?

Answer 5

Infants follow stages with environmental effects (languages used around them) between 0;8 and 1;0

Babbling starts taking on native language characteristics about the same time as first words

Question 6

What are the three methods to studying child speech production?

Answer 6

Study anatomical changes of speech tract

Transcribe speech sounds (adapt for properties above)

Perceptual tasks

Question 7

Is transcription of infants easy to do?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

What sort of perceptual tasks are used to study child language production?

Answer 8

Asking listeners to ask what language infants are babbling in

Question 9

What are the three differences between the infant and adult speech tracts?

Answer 9

Tongue size (large) and movements (front-to-back)

Pharynx

Respiration

Question 10

How did Betty Stark study child language production?

Answer 10

Auditory judgement-spectral feature

Listen & use spectrograms (Does it sound like a stop, fricative, etc.)

No specific sounds

Question 11

How did Oller study child language production?

Answer 11

Functional categorization

Is the child yelling or not?

Is the child blowing a raspberry?

Question 12

What are Oller’s Stages?

Answer 12

Reflexive crying & vegetative (burping, throwing up, etc.) sounds

Cooing & laughter

Vocal Play

Canonical Babbling

Jargon

Question 13

When does Oller’s Stage of Reflexive crying & vegetative sounds occur?

Answer 13

0;0 to 0;2

Question 14

What happens during Oller’s Stage of Reflexive crying & vegetative sounds?

Answer 14

Burping, throwing up, etc.

Question 15

When does Oller’s Stage of cooing & laughter occur?

Answer 15

0;2 to 0;4

Question 16

What happens during Oller’s Stage of cooing & laughter?

Answer 16

Intentional sounds

Oller liked to call it “gooing” instead of “cooing”

Question 17

When does Oller’s Stage of vocal play occur?

Answer 17

0;4 to 0;6

Question 18

What happens during Oller’s Stage of vocal play?

Answer 18

Raspberry, squeal, yell, growl, etc

Allows the child to practice speech parameters

Question 19

When does Oller’s Stage of Canonical Babbling occur?

Answer 19

0;6 and onward

Question 20

What happens during Oller’s Stage of Canonical Babbling?

Answer 20

Reduplication (Repeated consonant)

Variegation (Same Cs, Different Vs. Different Cs, Same Vs. /didodidodido/, /gogigogi/)

Not all babbling is canonical, but most of it is

Question 21

When does Oller’s Stage of Jargon occur?

Answer 21

0;10 and onward

Question 22

What happens during Oller’s Stage of Jargon?

Answer 22

Sentence like productions but meaningless

Sounds like real language but there’s no meaning to it

Question 23

What speech parameters does vocal play allow an infant to practice?

Answer 23

Pitch

Loudness

Timing

Resonance

Question 24

What are the four Metaphonological Parameters?

Answer 24

Resonance (vowels vs consonants)

Timing (breathing for CV sequences)

Amplitude (stress vs. unstressed)

Pitch (stress and intonation)

Question 25

Does babbling equal first words?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What were the results of the French, Arabic, Chinese babbling recognition experiment?

Answer 26

Infants can be identified by language by 1;0

E.g. 76% at 0;8 identify French child

Question 27

What did De Boysson-Bardies & Vihman study?

Answer 27

Looked at the manner of articulations being used in babbling

Question 28

What languages did De Boysson-Bardies & Vihman look at?

Answer 28

French

English

Japanese

Swedish

Question 29

How many infants did De Boysson-Bardies & Vihman look at per language? What age? How many words?

Answer 29

5

0;9

25 words

Question 30

What hypothesis was supported by the findings of De Boysson-Bardies & Vihman?

Answer 30

Infants follow stages with environmental effects between 0;8-1;0

Question 31

Early speech influenced by ______. When does this happen?

Answer 31

Anatomical change

0;0 to 0;6 or so

Question 32

Vocal play and babbling show practice of _______. When does this happen?

Answer 32

Main speech parameters

0;6 onward

Question 33

Speech begins to take on properties of the ______. When does this happen?

Answer 33

Native language

Around 1;0

Question 34

Who was Ray Kent?

Answer 34

Wrote phonetics textbook

Wrote paper on variegated utterances

Question 35

What did Kent think about Oller’s belief canonical babbling precedes variegated babbling?

Answer 35

That he was wrong