Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Language Acquisition > 1-3 - Prelinguistic Development: Production > Flashcards

1-3 - Prelinguistic Development: Production Flashcards

0
Q

What is the going hypothesis on learning and language development?

A

The infant has to know something about the language they are going to hear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

How does Maturation affect language development?

A

The infant doesn’t need much more maturation to hear but need tons of maturation in order to speak

There are major changes to the vocal track during the first 6 months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two hypotheses on infant language perception?

A

Former: Infants are born with limited perceptual ability

Current: Infants are born with the ability to perceive more and possible all speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why was it believed that infants are born with limited perceptual ability? When did our belief in this change?

A

Assumed because they didn’t do much of anything

People started asking questions in the 1960s

When this was seen as an empirical issue (we may actually be able to test this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did we learn that infants are born with the ability to perceive more and possibly all speech sounds?

A

Once we started testing infants empirically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are three methods for studying infant language perception?

A

Sucking rate

Heart rate

Head turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which is the most common method for studying infant speech perception?

A

Sucking Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At what age is the Sucking Rate method used?

A

< 0;6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the Sucking Rate Method work?

A

Sucking is rewarded by increasing the audio stimulus

Increase in sucking -> more stimulus
Decrease in sucking -> less stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At what age is the Heart Rate method used?

A

< 0;6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some issues with the Heart Rate method?

A

Didn’t work out so well because heart rate can change for so many reasons

You would need an enormous amount of infants to test in order to find consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At what age is the Head Turn method used?

A

0;6+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Habituation Paradigm is a basic property of the _____.

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is habituation?

A

You start tuning out the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______ leads to habituation.

A

Repetition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is dishabituation?

A

Tuning your attention to a stimulus

You get a new interesting stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ leads to dishabituation.

A

New stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Eilers study? What did Eimas study?

A

Eilers = Spanish/English bilabial stops

Eimas = English bilabial stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who did Eimas et al study?

A

26 infants at 0;1

26 infants at 0;4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When was Eimas et al’s big year?

A

1971

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What method did Eimas et al use?

A

Measured sucking rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stimuli did Eimas et al use?

A

/pa/

/ba/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the universal theory?

A

That infants can make fine phonetic discriminations

23
Q

What results did Eimas et al find?

A

There was a difference in sucking rate when phonemes were switched

Thus infants can make fine phonetic discriminations

24
Q

Who did Eilers et al study?

A

8 infants from Spanish speaking homes

8 infants from English speaking homes

25
Q

When was Eilers et al’s big year?

A

1979

26
Q

What stimuli did Eilers et al use?

A

/pa/ vs/ /ba/ in English

/pa/ vs/ /ba/ in Spanish

(English /p/ and the Spanish /p/ differ slightly)

27
Q

What were the ages of the infants in Eilers et al’s study?

A

0;6-0;8

28
Q

What were Eilers et al’s results for English infants?

A

Distinguished 92% of the English /p/ and /b

Distinguished 42% of the Spanish /p/ and /b/

29
Q

What method did Eilers et al use?

A

Head turn

30
Q

How did Eilers et al interpret the discrepancy between the English & Spanish results?

A

That maybe the difference between English phonemes is found more commonly found across languages

Perhaps the Spanish phonemic difference is more subtle and harder to perceive

31
Q

What were Eilers et al’s results for Spanish infants?

A

Distinguished 86% of the English /p/ and /b/

Distinguished 80% of the Spanish /p/ and /b/

32
Q

When was Walker & Tees’ big year?

A

1984

33
Q

What was Eilers et al’s conclusion?

A

Some sounds may be harder to perceive than others

Infants may not be about to perceive absolutely all sounds

(Still the overwhelming evidence seems to prove the universal theory)

34
Q

What stimuli did Walker & Tees use?

A

Hindi dental vs. retroflex stops

Salish [k’] vs. [q’] ( [’] means glottalized)

These are all sounds that native English speakers cannot distinguish

35
Q

Who did Walker & Tees study?

A

English “speaking” infants between the ages of 0;6-1;0

36
Q

What method did Walker & Tees use?

A

Head turning

37
Q

What were Walker & Tees’ results for ages 0;6- 0;8?

A

95%: Perception of Hindi Differences

80%: Perception of Salish Differences

38
Q

What were Walker & Tees’ results for ages 0;8 - 0;10?

A

68%: Perception of Hindi Differences

52%: Perception of Salish Differences

39
Q

What were Walker & Tees’ results for ages 0;10 – 0;12?

A

20%: Perception of Hindi Differences

10%: Perception of Salish Differences

40
Q

What did Walker & Tees conclude?

A

The universal theory is accurate

Ability for non-native sounds is lost around 0;10

41
Q

At what “stage” of language development did Walker & Tees see their results drop off?

A

At the same point that the infants start developing speech

42
Q

What did Juszyk find?

A

Infants perceive wide range of speech vowels & consonants

43
Q

When was Juszyk’s big year?

A

1997

44
Q

Juszyk found that infants prefer their native language from _____.

A

Birth

45
Q

Juszyk found that infants prefer their mother’s voice from _____.

A

Birth

46
Q

Juszyk found that infants prefer frequent phonotactics from _____.

A

0;9

47
Q

Juszyk found that infants prefer their own names from _____.

A

0;4

48
Q

What is the Perceptual Assimilation Model?

A

That we assimilate non-native sounds to those that are similar to our native language

E.g. Japanese speakers with English /r/ /l/

E.g. English speakers with Zulu clicks

49
Q

What are phonotactics?

A

Allowed phoneme combinations

50
Q

What did Jusczyk write about in his book?

A

That infants only hear about 15% of words in isolation. The rest is heard during continuous speech.

This seems to help the child develop phonemic structure of the language

51
Q

Who came up with the Perceptual Assimilation Model?

A

Best

52
Q

Who studied Phonological Deafness?

A

Doupoux & Peperkamp

53
Q

What did Doupoux & Peperkamp find?

A

That infants form prelexical representations around 1;0

After this point the infant is so tuned into all the elements of language that they ignore the rest

54
Q

What were the two words used in the Phonological Deafness study?

A

Japanese [ebzo] vs. [ebuzo] (voiceless vowels)

Language Acquisition (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions