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Language Acquisition > 1-1 - History of Child Language Studies > Flashcards

1-1 - History of Child Language Studies Flashcards

0
Q

Where does “What’s Past Is Prologue” come from?

A

Motto of US Archives

Shakespeare’s “The Tempest”

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1
Q

What is Ethology?

A

The scientific and objective study of animal behaviour (Subtopic of zoology)

Focuses on animal behaviour under natural conditions

Opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on behavioural response studies in a laboratory setting.

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2
Q

What does “What’s Past Is Prologue” mean as the motto of US Archives?

A

Understanding the past helps you understand the present

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3
Q

What does “What’s Past Is Prologue” mean in regards to Shakespeare’s “The Tempest”?

A

The past shapes the present.

A couple of characters kill another and they explain that they did this because of the dead characters actions.

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4
Q

What are the three major periods of language study?

A

Diary Studies

Large Sample Studies

Longitudinal Studies & Experimental Studies

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5
Q

When were Diary Studies the rage?

A

1876 to 1926

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6
Q

When were Large Sample Studies the rage?

A

1926 to 1957

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7
Q

When were Longitudinal Studies & Experimental Studies the rage?

A

1957 to Present

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8
Q

What are Diary Studies?

A

A parent/caretakers writes down what their kids say

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9
Q

What are five key words that describe the method of Diary Studies?

A

Parent Observer

Induction

Unsystematic

Unpredictable

Atheoretical

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10
Q

How were diary studies inductive?

A

The goal was to collect data on observations

Next we sought to interpret this data without assumptions

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11
Q

What sort of observational data was collected in diary studies?

A

Babbling

Word construction

Prepositions

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12
Q

How were diary studies atheoretical?

A

They were trying to learn, not to test any theories

They came into studies with a completely open mind about what they were going to find

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13
Q

When was Taine’s big year?

A

1877

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14
Q

What did Taine contribute to the study of child language?

A

He was a French man who wrote about a study of his child

Darwin remembered he had studied his own child too and wrote an associate paper on his own son

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15
Q

What was Darwin’s big year in regards to the study of language?

A

1877

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16
Q

What was Darwin’s son’s name? Where did he fit in with Darwin’s other children?

A

William

The first of 10 children

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17
Q

At between what ages did Darwin study his son’s language development?

A

Birth to 21 months

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18
Q

What was the name of the paper Darwin wrote about his son’s language development?

A

“Biological sketch of an Infant”

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19
Q

What did Darwin add to the study of child language?

A

Gave the study of child language acquisition some credibility

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20
Q

What was Stern & Stern’s contribution to the study of child language?

A

Der Kindersprache

The first book on child language

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21
Q

What was Stern & Stern’s big year?

A

1907

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22
Q

What was the Pedagogical Seminary’s contribution to child language studies?

A

It was the first journal to publish several articles on the subject

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23
Q

Who was the editor of thePedagogical Seminary?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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24
Q

What was Leopold’s contribution to child language studies?

A

He wrote 4 volumes on his daughter Hildegard’s speech development

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25
Q

When were Leopold’s big years?

A

1939 to 1949

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26
Q

When was Leopold’s work cited a lot and why?

A

The 1950-60s

It was the most detailed work at the time

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27
Q

Who was Margaret Morse Nice?

A

One of top diary researchers

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28
Q

When did Margaret Morse Nice live?

A

1883-1974

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29
Q

What did Margaret Morse Nice study later in life?

A

Became a ornithologist later in life

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30
Q

What was Alexander Chamberlain’s contribution to the study of child language?

A

He was a prominent anthropologist & linguist

He specialized in American Indian linguistics

He published several hundred publication before he died at 49

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31
Q

When did Alexander Chamberlain live?

A

1865-1914

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32
Q

What was Louis XIII’s contribution to the study of child language?

A

His court physician kept a daily language diary on him for 29 years

This was the first documented child with a speech sound disorder - a lisp

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33
Q

When was Louis XIII born?

A

1601

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34
Q

What do Nativists believe?

A

That language is innate

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35
Q

“______ and______ are so strong in a child that if it learns our language from us, we ______ from the child” (Taine)

A

Originality

Invention

Learn it

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36
Q

What are two critiques often given of diary studies?

A

They are unsystematic & biased

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37
Q

Does Dr Ingram agree with the common critiques of diary studies?

A

No, he sees this as mostly unfair criticism

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38
Q

What is one real weakness of diary studies?

A

Phonetic transcription not as developed as it is now so there are inconsistencies

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39
Q

What are some strengths of diary studies?

A

They provide rich data

The gave us first insights to how children acquire language

40
Q

What was Piaget “bowwow” study?

A

It looked at how his son used the word “bowwow” over a 2-3 month span

41
Q

Did Piaget keep diaries of his kids?

A

Yes

42
Q

How did Piaget’s son use “bow wow” at 1;2?

A

He said bowwow to…

Dog
Hen
Cows
Guinea pig
Cat
43
Q

How did Piaget’s son use “bow wow” at 1;3?

A

Said bowwow to an…

Ant
Tractor

44
Q

How did Piaget’s son use “bow wow” at 1;3?

A

Said

Moo to cows & deer
Kitty for cats
Moo or kitty for pigs

45
Q

What is something unique that diary studies can show us?

A

How children will specifically avoid certain words

46
Q

What words did Samuel Ingram avoid? What did he say instead?

A

Ball

Boat

Box

Aiyiyi substituted for a word he did not want to say

47
Q

What is the method for Large Sample Studies?

5

A

Large numbers of subjects

Cross-sectional

Systematic

Small samples per child

Quantitative analysis

48
Q

Diary studies were looking at ______ samples.

A

Very small

49
Q

Large Sample Studies came during the time when psychology at the time was trying to find ______ data for _______.

A

Commonality/normative

ALL children

50
Q

Most normative data on children was established in the ______.

A

1950s

51
Q

Large sample studies usually included ______.

A

20-30 kids or more

52
Q

What do cross-sectional studies look at? Why?

A

Children at different ages

It allows you to study different ages during the same small time period

53
Q

How are large study samples systematic?

A

Same sampling procedure/test is done for each subject

54
Q

What worries Dr. Ingram about large sample studies? What would improve this?

A

50 sentences is not enough to assess a child’s linguistic ability

We should increase the number of samples per child and lessen the sample size

55
Q

Longitudinal studies are better at looking at how children ______.

A

Change as they grow

56
Q

The field of speech and hearing sciences was formed in the ______.

A

Big 10 schools (midwest)

57
Q

What were Madorah Smith’s big years? Where was she based?

A

1920-30s

Iowa

58
Q

What did Madorah Smith do?

A

Large sample studies

Looked at average number of words per age

Gave us a sense of what was normal per age

59
Q

Where were Dorothea McCarthy & Mildred Templin based?

A

Minnesota

60
Q

When was Templin’s big year?

A

1957

61
Q

Templin was working during the ______.

A

Peak of large sample studies

62
Q

What was Templin’s big experiment?

A

She looked at 480 children between the ages of 3;0 – 8;0

63
Q

What three things did Templin measure?

A

Vocabulary Acquisition

MLU (Mean Length of Utterance)

Speech Sound Development

64
Q

What is the Behaviorist’s theory of language?

A

Children learn by being reinforced for what they do

Child vocalizes [da]

Child imitates words will similar sounds, e.g. “doll”

Child associates sound to context

65
Q

When was Behaviorism the dominant viewpoint?

A

1920-50s

66
Q

Who promoted the behaviorist perspective beside Skinner? When was his big year?

A

Bloomfield

1933

67
Q

Chomsky said it was better to study ______ than to study _______.

A

One language in depth

100 languages superficially

68
Q

What were the downfalls of large sample studies?

4

A

Linguistically naïve (Only looked at few parameters of language: consonants, vocab, and length)

Grouped data (Not enough data to represent a full brain, 
doesn't get at the depth of language learning)

Superficial

Atheoretical

69
Q

What were the benefits to large sample studies?

A

Norms

Extensive group data

Measurement

70
Q

What did David Pearlmacher do?

A

Taught himself fluent German but having lunch with a german professor once a week for 9 months

71
Q

What was the usual method to Longitudinal & Experimental Studies?

A

3 children

Regular longitudinal visits

Audio recorded

Transcribed (handwritten in early studies; now entered into computer files)

72
Q

When was Brown’s big year?

A

1973

73
Q

What were the names of the three children that Brown studied?

A

Adam, Eve, Sarah

74
Q

Why was Sarah added to Brown’s study?

A

Because Adam & Eve were so different

75
Q

In Brown’s study…Who was the fastest learner? Who was the slower learner? Who was the most interesting to researchers?

A

Eve was faster learner

Sarah was slowest learner, but her morphology was very interesting to researchers

76
Q

When was Bloom’s big year?

A

1970

77
Q

Who were the three kids that Bloom studied?

A

Eric, Gia, Kathryn

78
Q

Who published more studies: Bloom or Brown? Who is more famous? Why?

A

Bloom published more studies than Brown

Brown is more famous because he allowed others to borrow his research

79
Q

Where did Brown study/teach?

A

Columbia University

80
Q

Who did Bloom study? When did she start?

A

Her own daughter Allison Bloom

Started recording her at age two

81
Q

What was Bloom’s book called? What was it about?

A

“One Word at a Time”

First words and word combinations

82
Q

What did Allison Bloom do?

A

She sued her mother as an adult for invading her privacy as a child

83
Q

When was Braine’s big year?

A

1963

84
Q

What were the names of the three children that Braine studied?

A

Gregory, Andrew, Steven

85
Q

What does CHILDES stand for?

A

“Child Data Exchange System”

86
Q

What is the CHILDES Database?

A

A massive archive of child language studies

There are also algorithms that allow you to compare different aspects of data

87
Q

How do Italian and American kids differ in there acquisition of the phoneme /v/? Why?

A

Italian children acquire it early; American children acquire it late.

/v/ is in a lot of child-specific Italian words

88
Q

Child Language is ______, ______, offers _____, and is _____.

A

Inductive

Data oriented

Lean interpretations

Constructionist

89
Q

Why does the Child Language approach offer lean interpretations?

A

It assumes that kids are working hard to learn language (Not so much that it’s a struggle but that it takes time)

It assumes that kids don’t understand more much more than what they are actually saying

90
Q

Why is the Child Language approach considered Constructionist?

A

It believes that that kids go through stages of language learning

91
Q

What journal is associated with the Child Language approach?

A

The Journal of Child Language

92
Q

Language Acquisition is _________________.

5

A

Deductive

Theory oriented

Offers rich interpretations

Maturationist

Needs a large linguistic understanding

93
Q

What journal is associated with the Language Acquisition approach?

A

Language Acquisition

94
Q

How do children learn?

A

Innate knowledge

Linguistic input

Correction

95
Q

Who were two individuals who believe that kids are born with innate knowledge?

A

Chomsky

Bates

96
Q

Who provided the “other one spoon” example?

A

Braine

97
Q

Is correction a main ways kids learn language?

A

No

Language Acquisition (14 decks)

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