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Language Acquisition > 1-1 - History of Child Language Studies > Flashcards

1-1 - History of Child Language Studies Flashcards

0
Q

Where does “What’s Past Is Prologue” come from?

A

Motto of US Archives

Shakespeare’s “The Tempest”

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1
Q

What is Ethology?

A

The scientific and objective study of animal behaviour (Subtopic of zoology)

Focuses on animal behaviour under natural conditions

Opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on behavioural response studies in a laboratory setting.

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2
Q

What does “What’s Past Is Prologue” mean as the motto of US Archives?

A

Understanding the past helps you understand the present

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3
Q

What does “What’s Past Is Prologue” mean in regards to Shakespeare’s “The Tempest”?

A

The past shapes the present.

A couple of characters kill another and they explain that they did this because of the dead characters actions.

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4
Q

What are the three major periods of language study?

A

Diary Studies

Large Sample Studies

Longitudinal Studies & Experimental Studies

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5
Q

When were Diary Studies the rage?

A

1876 to 1926

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6
Q

When were Large Sample Studies the rage?

A

1926 to 1957

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7
Q

When were Longitudinal Studies & Experimental Studies the rage?

A

1957 to Present

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8
Q

What are Diary Studies?

A

A parent/caretakers writes down what their kids say

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9
Q

What are five key words that describe the method of Diary Studies?

A

Parent Observer

Induction

Unsystematic

Unpredictable

Atheoretical

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10
Q

How were diary studies inductive?

A

The goal was to collect data on observations

Next we sought to interpret this data without assumptions

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11
Q

What sort of observational data was collected in diary studies?

A

Babbling

Word construction

Prepositions

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12
Q

How were diary studies atheoretical?

A

They were trying to learn, not to test any theories

They came into studies with a completely open mind about what they were going to find

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13
Q

When was Taine’s big year?

A

1877

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14
Q

What did Taine contribute to the study of child language?

A

He was a French man who wrote about a study of his child

Darwin remembered he had studied his own child too and wrote an associate paper on his own son

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15
Q

What was Darwin’s big year in regards to the study of language?

A

1877

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16
Q

What was Darwin’s son’s name? Where did he fit in with Darwin’s other children?

A

William

The first of 10 children

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17
Q

At between what ages did Darwin study his son’s language development?

A

Birth to 21 months

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18
Q

What was the name of the paper Darwin wrote about his son’s language development?

A

“Biological sketch of an Infant”

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19
Q

What did Darwin add to the study of child language?

A

Gave the study of child language acquisition some credibility

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20
Q

What was Stern & Stern’s contribution to the study of child language?

A

Der Kindersprache

The first book on child language

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21
Q

What was Stern & Stern’s big year?

A

1907

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22
Q

What was the Pedagogical Seminary’s contribution to child language studies?

A

It was the first journal to publish several articles on the subject

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23
Q

Who was the editor of thePedagogical Seminary?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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24
What was Leopold's contribution to child language studies?
He wrote 4 volumes on his daughter Hildegard's speech development
25
When were Leopold's big years?
1939 to 1949
26
When was Leopold's work cited a lot and why?
The 1950-60s It was the most detailed work at the time
27
Who was Margaret Morse Nice?
One of top diary researchers
28
When did Margaret Morse Nice live?
1883-1974
29
What did Margaret Morse Nice study later in life?
Became a ornithologist later in life
30
What was Alexander Chamberlain's contribution to the study of child language?
He was a prominent anthropologist & linguist He specialized in American Indian linguistics He published several hundred publication before he died at 49
31
When did Alexander Chamberlain live?
1865-1914
32
What was Louis XIII's contribution to the study of child language?
His court physician kept a daily language diary on him for 29 years This was the first documented child with a speech sound disorder - a lisp
33
When was Louis XIII born?
1601
34
What do Nativists believe?
That language is innate
35
"______ and______ are so strong in a child that if it learns our language from us, we ______ from the child" (Taine)
Originality Invention Learn it
36
What are two critiques often given of diary studies?
They are unsystematic & biased
37
Does Dr Ingram agree with the common critiques of diary studies?
No, he sees this as mostly unfair criticism
38
What is one real weakness of diary studies?
Phonetic transcription not as developed as it is now so there are inconsistencies
39
What are some strengths of diary studies?
They provide rich data The gave us first insights to how children acquire language
40
What was Piaget “bowwow” study?
It looked at how his son used the word "bowwow" over a 2-3 month span
41
Did Piaget keep diaries of his kids?
Yes
42
How did Piaget's son use "bow wow" at 1;2?
He said bowwow to... ``` Dog Hen Cows Guinea pig Cat ```
43
How did Piaget's son use "bow wow" at 1;3?
Said bowwow to an... Ant Tractor
44
How did Piaget's son use "bow wow" at 1;3?
Said Moo to cows & deer Kitty for cats Moo or kitty for pigs
45
What is something unique that diary studies can show us?
How children will specifically avoid certain words
46
What words did Samuel Ingram avoid? What did he say instead?
Ball Boat Box Aiyiyi substituted for a word he did not want to say
47
What is the method for Large Sample Studies? | 5
Large numbers of subjects Cross-sectional Systematic Small samples per child Quantitative analysis
48
Diary studies were looking at ______ samples.
Very small
49
Large Sample Studies came during the time when psychology at the time was trying to find ______ data for _______.
Commonality/normative ALL children
50
Most normative data on children was established in the ______.
1950s
51
Large sample studies usually included ______.
20-30 kids or more
52
What do cross-sectional studies look at? Why?
Children at different ages It allows you to study different ages during the same small time period
53
How are large study samples systematic?
Same sampling procedure/test is done for each subject
54
What worries Dr. Ingram about large sample studies? What would improve this?
50 sentences is not enough to assess a child's linguistic ability We should increase the number of samples per child and lessen the sample size
55
Longitudinal studies are better at looking at how children ______.
Change as they grow
56
The field of speech and hearing sciences was formed in the ______.
Big 10 schools (midwest)
57
What were Madorah Smith's big years? Where was she based?
1920-30s Iowa
58
What did Madorah Smith do?
Large sample studies Looked at average number of words per age Gave us a sense of what was normal per age
59
Where were Dorothea McCarthy & Mildred Templin based?
Minnesota
60
When was Templin's big year?
1957
61
Templin was working during the ______.
Peak of large sample studies
62
What was Templin's big experiment?
She looked at 480 children between the ages of 3;0 – 8;0
63
What three things did Templin measure?
Vocabulary Acquisition MLU (Mean Length of Utterance) Speech Sound Development
64
What is the Behaviorist's theory of language?
Children learn by being reinforced for what they do Child vocalizes [da] Child imitates words will similar sounds, e.g. “doll” Child associates sound to context
65
When was Behaviorism the dominant viewpoint?
1920-50s
66
Who promoted the behaviorist perspective beside Skinner? When was his big year?
Bloomfield 1933
67
Chomsky said it was better to study ______ than to study _______.
One language in depth 100 languages superficially
68
What were the downfalls of large sample studies? | 4
Linguistically naïve (Only looked at few parameters of language: consonants, vocab, and length) ``` Grouped data (Not enough data to represent a full brain, doesn't get at the depth of language learning) ``` Superficial Atheoretical
69
What were the benefits to large sample studies?
Norms Extensive group data Measurement
70
What did David Pearlmacher do?
Taught himself fluent German but having lunch with a german professor once a week for 9 months
71
What was the usual method to Longitudinal & Experimental Studies?
3 children Regular longitudinal visits Audio recorded Transcribed (handwritten in early studies; now entered into computer files)
72
When was Brown's big year?
1973
73
What were the names of the three children that Brown studied?
Adam, Eve, Sarah
74
Why was Sarah added to Brown's study?
Because Adam & Eve were so different
75
In Brown's study...Who was the fastest learner? Who was the slower learner? Who was the most interesting to researchers?
Eve was faster learner Sarah was slowest learner, but her morphology was very interesting to researchers
76
When was Bloom's big year?
1970
77
Who were the three kids that Bloom studied?
Eric, Gia, Kathryn
78
Who published more studies: Bloom or Brown? Who is more famous? Why?
Bloom published more studies than Brown Brown is more famous because he allowed others to borrow his research
79
Where did Brown study/teach?
Columbia University
80
Who did Bloom study? When did she start?
Her own daughter Allison Bloom Started recording her at age two
81
What was Bloom's book called? What was it about?
"One Word at a Time" First words and word combinations
82
What did Allison Bloom do?
She sued her mother as an adult for invading her privacy as a child
83
When was Braine's big year?
1963
84
What were the names of the three children that Braine studied?
Gregory, Andrew, Steven
85
What does CHILDES stand for?
"Child Data Exchange System"
86
What is the CHILDES Database?
A massive archive of child language studies There are also algorithms that allow you to compare different aspects of data
87
How do Italian and American kids differ in there acquisition of the phoneme /v/? Why?
Italian children acquire it early; American children acquire it late. /v/ is in a lot of child-specific Italian words
88
Child Language is ______, ______, offers _____, and is _____.
Inductive Data oriented Lean interpretations Constructionist
89
Why does the Child Language approach offer lean interpretations?
It assumes that kids are working hard to learn language (Not so much that it's a struggle but that it takes time) It assumes that kids don't understand more much more than what they are actually saying
90
Why is the Child Language approach considered Constructionist?
It believes that that kids go through stages of language learning
91
What journal is associated with the Child Language approach?
The Journal of Child Language
92
Language Acquisition is _________________. | 5
Deductive Theory oriented Offers rich interpretations Maturationist Needs a large linguistic understanding
93
What journal is associated with the Language Acquisition approach?
Language Acquisition
94
How do children learn?
Innate knowledge Linguistic input Correction
95
Who were two individuals who believe that kids are born with innate knowledge?
Chomsky Bates
96
Who provided the "other one spoon” example?
Braine
97
Is correction a main ways kids learn language?
No

Language Acquisition (14 decks)

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