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Microbiology > 1-4 part B > Flashcards

1-4 part B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 groups of antibiotics that use disruption of bacterial cell wall as a mechanism of action?

A

B-lactams
glycopeptides
polypeptides
others

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2
Q

how is disruption of bacterial cell wall done?

A

(peptidoglycan unique to bacteria and most pathogens contain it)

antibiotic disrupts construction of peptidoglycan and exposes plasma membrane

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3
Q

4 types of B-lactams

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
carbapenems and monobactams
(and B-lactamase inhibitors)

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4
Q

2 types of glycopeptides

A

vancomycin and teichoplanin

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5
Q

2 types of polypeptides

A

bacitracin and polymixins

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6
Q

peptidoglycans are created in the cytoplasm of bacteria cells and involves the use of ____as a carrier.

this repeated unit is then transported across the membrane by ____.

this is repeated unit is attached to a growing peptidoglycan chain.

peptidoglycan cross-links are formed by _______.

A
  1. UDP (uridine diphosphate)
  2. lipid (bactoprenol)
  3. transpeptidation
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7
Q

this is the exchange of one peptide bone for another.

(commonly done in gram negative bacteria)

A

transpeptidation

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8
Q

what antibiotics inhibit transpeptidation

A

B-lactam antibiotics

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9
Q

these are not antibiotics but are enzymes that help B-lactam antibiotics by preventing their degradation by b-lactamases

A

b-lactamase inhibitors

(clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam)
(Augmentin!!! = clavulanic acid + amoxicillin)

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10
Q

this antibiotic binds terminal D-ala–D-ala and sterically inhibits addition of peptidoglycan subunits to the cell wall.

it also binds to existing peptidoglycan chains to inhibit the transpeptidation reaction that crosslinks the chains.

(type of glycopeptide)

A

vancomycin

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11
Q

this antibiotic has been important for antibiotic resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections

A

vancomycin

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12
Q

this antibiotics prevent recycling of lipid carrier

A

bacitracins (polypeptide)

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13
Q

this antibiotic binds phospholipids and disrupts outer and inner membranes of gram negative bacteria (topical because of more general mode of action=toxic)

A

polymixins (polypeptide)

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14
Q

-second line of treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

-crosses blood brain barrier and is NMDA receptor agonist (causes neurological side effects)

A

cycloserine
(other antibiotic deals with cell wall)

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15
Q

these antibiotics inhibits Mycobacteria by affecting synthesis of mycolic acid (abundant wax in cell wall)

A

isoniazid and ethionamide (other antibiotics deals with cell wall)

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16
Q

this antibiotic inhibits Mycobacteria by affecting attachment!! of mycolic acid in the cell wall

A

ethambutol (other antibiotics deals with cell wall)

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17
Q

what are the classes of 2. inhibition of protein synthesis antibiotics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. oxazolidinones
  2. Tetracyclines
  3. aminoglycosides
  4. chloramphenicol and Lincosamides
  5. macrolides
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18
Q

this class of antibiotic that affects the inhibition of protein synthesis by binding (23S rRNA) and prevents formation of 70s initiation complex

A

oxazolidinones

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19
Q

this class of antibiotic that affects the inhibition of protein synthesis by binding (16s rRNA) of 30S subunit and prevent binding of aa-tRNA to A site

A

tetracyclines

20
Q

this class of antibiotic that affects inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 30s subunit and distort A site, causing translation misreading, which inhibits protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides

21
Q

this class of antibiotics that affects inhibition of protein synthesis binds to 50s subunit and inhibit peptidyltransferase activity

A

chloramphenicol and lincosamides

22
Q

this class of antibiotics that affects inhibition of protein synthesis binds (23s rRNA) in the 50s subunit and block the translocation reaction. Also prevent formation of the 50s subunit

A

macrolides

23
Q
  1. inhibition of protein synthesis

A. linezolid=
B. streptomycin, amikacin, gentamycin, tobramycin=
C. erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin=

A

A. is a oxazolidinones
B. aminoglycosides
C. macrolides

24
Q

with the basic mechanism of antibiotic action, this way alters DNA replication and RNA transcription

A
  1. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

(has enzymes that detangle these ring molecules after they are created by DNA synthesis)

25
Q

this class of antibiotics that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, interferes with type II topoisomerases and stabilizes DNA double strand breaks

(aka inhibits enzyme that does the untangling=kills cell)

A

quinolones (ciprofloxacin and other -floxacins)

26
Q

this class of antibiotics that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis bids to RNA polymerase and prevents the initiation of transcription

A

Rifampin and Rifabutin

27
Q

this class of antibiotics that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis is a prodrug with no inherent antimicrobrial activity that produces DNA-damaging radicals under anaerobic conditions via enzymes functioning in anaerobes and microaerophiles

(gut)

A

metronidazole

28
Q

this mechanism of antibiotic action prevents precursors to folic acid

(humans cant make folic acid; get it from diet)

A
  1. antimetabolites
29
Q

sulfonamides, trimethoprim, dapsone, and p-aminosalicyclic acid

A
  1. antimetabolites
30
Q

how do bacteria resist antibiotics?
1
2
3
4

A
  1. impermeable barrier
  2. target modification
  3. antibiotic modifications
  4. efflux pump mechanism
31
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

hydrolysis of B-lactam ring by B-lactamase

A

penicillins, cephalosporins

32
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

change in penicillin-binding protein

A

methicillin

33
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

efflux pump pushes drug out of cell

A

tetracyclines

34
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

mutations in 23S rRNA

A

oxazolidinones

35
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisonmerase IV

A

quinolones

36
Q

this is a common mech of resistance to antibacterial agents.

change in binding site in the peptidoglycan target
(D-ala–D-ala changed to D-ala–D-lac)

A

vancomycin

37
Q

what are the 5 genetic elements involved in resistance gene dissemination

A

plasmids
transducing bacteriophage
bacterial chromosomal genes
transposons
integrons

38
Q

this genetic element involved in resistance gene dissemination has some that can promote their own transfer by conjugation

A

plasmids

39
Q

this genetic element involved in resistance gene dissemination can package non-phage DNA (=transfer by transduction)

A

transducing bacteriophage

40
Q

this genetic element involved in resistance gene dissemination has mutations and transfer by transformation (out into the environment)

A

bacterial chromosomal gene

41
Q

this genetic element involved in resistance gene dissemination hop into other genetic elements (can amplify)

A

transposons

42
Q

this genetic element involved in resistance gene dissemination are large segments of DNA containing complete sets of genes are are found on plasmids, transposons, and bacterical chromosomes

A

integrons

43
Q

development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens caused by drug treatment, which destroys drug sensitive strains

A

superinfection

44
Q

in a superinfection, the killing of the normal flora removes the inhibitory effect of the normal flora (which produces nutrients/antibacterial substances). this allows for what to happen then

A

allows for uninhibited growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi

(superinfection common organisms: MDR, candida!!!, MRSA, Clostridium difficule)

45
Q

how to prevent emergence of drug resistance:

A

give drug in high concens, give 2 or more drugs at same time, use drugs only when necessary

Microbiology (11 decks)

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