1-2

Question 1

macroelements (required in large amounts)

Answer 1

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids
C, O, N, H, S, P

Question 2

exist as cations and play many roles including cofactors of enzymes

Answer 2

K, Ca, Mg, Fe

Question 3

trace elements- required in smaller amounts
mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes

Answer 3

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu

Question 4

sources of energy.

light=
oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds=

Answer 4

phototrophs
chemotrophs

Question 5

need electron donors for

Answer 5

1. electron transport chain
2. oxidation-reduction rxns
3. biosynthesis in autotrophs (from Co2)

Question 6

sources of reducing equivalents.
1. reduced inorganic molecules=
2. organic molecules=

Answer 6

1. lithotrophs
2. organotrophs

Question 7

sources of carbon.

1. CO2 main/only source=
2. reduced, preformed organic molecules=

Answer 7

1. autotrophs
2. heterotrophs

Question 8

chemoorganotrophic heterotrophy (all pathogens) major nutritions:

Answer 8

chemical energy source
organic electron donor
organic carbon source

Question 9

other nutrient sources.

1. amino acids, ammonia
   nitrate-> ammonia N2
2. inorganic phosphate
3. sulfate and reduced sulfar
4. amino acids, purines and primidines, vitamins

Answer 9

1. N source
2. P source
3. S source
4. growth factors

Question 10

bacterial oxygen responses.

1. strict aerobic respiration only=
2. strict anaerobes=
3. facultative anaerobes=

Answer 10

1. perform aerobic respiration only
   final electron acceptor is oxygen (reduced to H2O)
2. perform anaerobic respiration and final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule (nitrate)

perform fermintation and final electron is organic molecule (pyruvate/acetyl coa)

3. can perform respiration and fermentation
   BACTERIA

Question 11

gram positive bacteria in the mouth:

Answer 11

streptocuccus cocci which is facultative anaerobes

Question 12

gram negative bacteria in the mouth is mostly

Answer 12

strict anaerobes

Question 13

the moves from a higher concen to a lower concen

with no energy required

Answer 13

facilitated diffusion

Question 14

transported substances are chemically altered during the process and this process uses phosphate from PEP as energy

Answer 14

group translocation

Question 15

energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance which remains unchanged by the transport process

Answer 15

active transport

Question 16

this active transport uses proton motive force by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (conc. of substance against a gradient)

amino acids

Answer 16

ion-driven transport system

Question 17

use membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis.

sugars and amino acids

Answer 17

binding protein dependent transport systems

Question 18

this is very insoluble so uptake is difficult

Answer 18

ferric iron

Question 19

since ferric iron is insoluble and uptake is difficult, microorganisms use ___ to aid in uptake

Answer 19

siderophores

Question 20

these organisms have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium
(streptococci)

Answer 20

nutritionally fastidious