08 - musculoskeletal system

Question 1

(musculoskeletal system)

Answer 1

Question 2

(musculoskeletal system)

1. what are the 5 grades of lameness?

Answer 2

0 = no apparent lameness

1 = lameness difficult to observe

2 = difficult to observe at a walk or trot in a straight line

3 = consistently observable at a trot at all times

4 = obvious lameness, observed at the walk

5 = minimal weight baring lameness

Question 3

(musculoskeletal system)

1. what does the palmar plantar digital nerve block block?

Answer 3

1. heel region, navicular bursa and bone, sole of hoof, and other structures in caudal portion of hoof capsule

(F1)

Question 4

(musculoskeletal system)

1. what does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

Answer 4

1. everything distal to site on palmar-plantar aspect of the limb and everything distal to proximal mid-portion of the first phalanx dorsally

(F2)

Question 5

(musculoskeletal system)

1. low 4 point (6 point in hindlimb) blocks?

Answer 5

1. everything from distal cannon bone distally

(F3)

Question 6

(musculoskeletal system)

1. high 4 point blocks?

Answer 6

1. if high enough blocks origin of suspensory ligament, palmar aspect of limb from that point distally, flexor tendons, and everything on dorsal surface from mid-proximal cannon bone distally

(F4)

Question 7

(musculoskeletal system)

(lameness)

Question 8

(musculoskeletal system)

(fractures)

1. why do long bone fractures in adult horses often have a poor prognosis?
2. do open or closed fractures have a worse prog?

Answer 8

1. severity of injury and secondary dmg to associated muscules, tendons, vascular, and joints
2. open

Question 9

(musculoskeletal system)

(fractures)

1. tx?

Answer 9

Question 10

(musculoskeletal system)

(fractures)

1. prog and complications?

Answer 10

Question 11

(musculoskeletal system)

(stress fractures)

1. accumulation of microdamage related to training/racing…

what bones most affected?

2. usually in younger racehorses

Answer 11

1. humerus, radius, tibia, 3rd metatacarpal, or metatarsal bones

Question 12

(musculoskeletal system)

(stress fractures)

1. Cx?

Answer 12

1. lameness improves with rest; returns when training or racing resumes
2. joint effusion and discomfort assoc w/ flexion tests

Question 13

(musculoskeletal system)

(stress fractures)

1. tx?

Answer 13

1. prolonged periods of rest (up to 6 mo)

gradual return to training

Question 14

(musculoskeletal system)

(stress fractures)

1. prog?

Answer 14

Question 15

(musculoskeletal system)

(injuries to joints)

1. synovitis = inflam of synovial membrane secondary to trauma

causes release of inflam mediators within joint

leads to cartilage degen and formation of OA

Question 16

(musculoskeletal system)

(injuries to joints)

Question 17

(musculoskeletal system)

(injuries to joints)

Question 18

(musculoskeletal system)

(injuries to joints)

Question 19

(musculoskeletal system)

(injuries to joints)

(tx)

Answer 19

Question 20

(musculoskeletal system)

(tendon and ligament injuries)

1. tendons are mainly composed of what two things?
2. tendonitis usually occurs in performance horses.
3. tendonitis either results of accumulated microdamage or one big insult
4. racehorses usually injure what tendons?

Answer 20

1. type 1 collagen and water
2. superficial digital flexor tendon or suspensory apparatus

Question 21

(musculoskeletal system)

(tendon and ligament injuries)

Question 22

(musculoskeletal system)

(tendon and ligament injuries)

Question 23

(musculoskeletal system)

(tendon and ligament injuries)

(treatment)

Question 24

(musculoskeletal system)

(tendon and ligament injuries)

Question 25

(musculoskeletal system) (tendon lacerations) 1. transection of superficial digital flexor tendon -\> ? 2. of deep digital flexor tendon? 3. of suspensory ligament?

Answer 25

1. slight sinking of fetlock joint during wt bearing 2. elevation of toe during weight bearing (unopposed pull of extensor tendon) 3. fetlock dropping to the ground horse will bear weight on palmar-plantar aspect of its first and second phalanxes

Question 26

(musculoskeletal system) (tendon lacerations)

Answer 26

Question 27

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (fibrotic myopathy) 1. unilateral, in hindlimbs 2. due to fibrosis or scar tissue formation secondary to what? 3. what muscle usually?

Answer 27

2. local trauma 3. caudal muscles of thigh (usually semitendinosis)

Question 28

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (fibrotic myopathy) 1. Cx? 2. dx?

Answer 28

Question 29

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (fibrotic myopathy) 1. tx and prog?

Answer 29

Question 30

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (stringhalt) 1. what two forms? 2. usually occurs in adults horses and is usually unilateral

Answer 30

1. idiopathic and australian (ingestion of hypochoeris radica)

Question 31

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (stringhalt) 1. Cx and Dx?

Answer 31

Question 32

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (stringhalt) 1. tx?

Answer 32

1. lateral digital extensor tenectomy and myectomy australian form can resolve - but can take months

Question 33

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (disruption of the reciprocal apparatus in the hindlimb) 1. what forms the reciprocal appartus in this region? 2. what purpose do they serve? 3. what is the cause?

Answer 33

1. peroneus tertis and superficial digital flexor 2. ensure that as the stifle flexes or extends, so does the hock 3. trauma

Question 34

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (disruption of the reciprocal apparatus in the hindlimb) 1. cx and dx?

Answer 34

Question 35

(diseases of muscles resulting in lameness/altered gate) (disruption of the reciprocal apparatus in the hindlimb) 1. tx and prog?

Answer 35