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equine-18-surgery > 02 - GI tract disorders > Flashcards

02 - GI tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

A
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2
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(brachygnathia - parrot mouth)

  1. congenital - what is it?
  2. any breed can get
  3. tx: depends on severity - may not be able to graze
A
  1. mandible shorter than maxilla
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3
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(wry nose - very rare)

  1. congenital - severe facial malformation and incisor malocclusion
  2. tx - depends on severity - if greater than 20° deviation sx required
  3. prog poor - problems eating and breathing
A
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4
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(wolf teeth)

  1. what are the wolf teeth?
  2. typically lower or upper present?
  3. usually erupt when?
  4. tx?
A
  1. PM 1 (105, 205, 305, 405)
  2. upper
  3. 5-6 mo of age
  4. owners usually like to remove - good prog
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5
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(retained deciduous teeth and crowns)

  1. aka caps - occur in what teeth?
  2. what age?
  3. what problems do they cause?
  4. cx?
  5. conservative tx?
  6. when to remove?
A
  1. PMs
  2. 2-5 years
  3. food accumulate around tooth -> impaction of permanent tooth -> inflam, infection
  4. mild dysphagia
  5. anti-inflammatories, abx, time
  6. if permanent tooth has erupted at gingiva

(can get periodontal infection if retained crown removed before the permanent tooth has completely erupted)

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6
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(periapical infections)

  1. tooth rot infections as extension of sepsis from periodontal tissues (infection starts from periodontal structures surrounding the tooth)
  2. typically in horses > 5 yrs
  3. Cx = halitosis, weight loss, difficulty eating
  4. can see nasal discharge if what teeth affected?
  5. can see draining tract if what teeth infected?
  6. dx = oral exam, radio (bone lysis, widening of periodontal space)
A
  1. 3-6 maxially cheek teeth (108-111)
  2. mandibular (6-11) or first two maxillary (6-7) cheek teeth involved
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7
Q

(disorders of oral cavity)

(periapical infections)

(treatment)

  1. conservative?
  2. what is tx of choice if pulp cavity not involved and periodontal ligament still intact?
  3. can also do endodontic tx (done in adults with well-developed root systems with diseased pulp - must have intact periodontal ligament)
  4. can also do extraction (ideal if tooth is loose)
  5. prog good overall
A
  1. anti-inflam, abx (often not curative)
  2. periapical curettage
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8
Q

(disorders of the esophagus)

A
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9
Q

(disorders of esophagus)

(esophageal obstruction)

  1. Cx = ptyalism, dysphagia, dehydration, painful swallowing, coughing, nasal discharge
  2. Dx = Cx (can’t pass NG tube), endoscope, raio, US (for aspiration pneumonia)
  3. tx?
  4. complications?
A
  1. push with NG tube

sedatives to keep head down (decrease change of aspiration)

can do endoscopic removal (difficult most of the time)

or esophagotomy…

  1. aspiration pneumonia, esophageal stricture/rupture
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10
Q

(disorders of esophagus)

(esophageal stricture)

  1. secondary to trauma, laceration, sx, or obstruction
  2. three types…
  3. dx?
A
  1. mural = adventitia and muscularis

annular = all layers

webs = mucosa and submucosa

  1. hx, endoscope, radio (barium)
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11
Q

(disorders of esophagus)

(esophageal stricture)

(tx)

  1. conservative?
  2. 3 more?
  3. prog?
  4. complications?
A
  1. anti-inflam, abx, soft feed
  2. bougienage (not great)

esophagomyotomy (for mural strictures)

resection and anastomosis

  1. fair to guarded (depending on treatment - fair if medically tx)
  2. recurrence
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12
Q

(disorders of esophagus)

(esophageal diverticulum)

  1. not common
  2. what two types?
  3. Cx?
  4. dx?
  5. tx?
  6. prog?
A
  1. traction (after trauma or sx) -> doesn’t cause a problem
    pulsion: mucosa heriates thorugh tear in muscularis -> frequent impactions
  2. hx of esophageal obstructions
  3. endoscope, radio (barium)
  4. soft feed (typically works), or sx
  5. good for traction, guarded for pulsion
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13
Q

(disorders of SI)

A
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14
Q

(disorders of SI)

(duodenitis-proximal enteritis)

  1. any age breed or sex
  2. secondary to what 2 infections?
  3. Cx = fever, tachycardia, injected MM, prolonged CRT, dehydration, dec GI sounds, colic
A
  1. salmonella or clostridium (results from a functional ileus)
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15
Q

(disorders of SI)

(duodenitis-proximal enteritis)

  1. dx?
A
  1. NG intubation (get large amount of reflux)

rectal palpation -> SI distension

US -> distended/thickened intestine

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16
Q

(disorders of SI)

(duodenitis-proximal enteritis)

(tx)

  1. frequent (2-4 hrs) gastric decompression
  2. IV fluids
  3. antiendotoxic tx: endoserum, polymixin B
  4. abx (broad spec): if significant leukopenia present
  5. anti-inflam: flunixin meglumide
A
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17
Q

(disorders of SI)

(ascarid impaction)

  1. any sex/breed - usually what age?
  2. Cx?
  3. Dx?
A
  1. weanlings or yearlings
  2. mild fever, tachycardia, injected MM, dehydration, dec GI sounds
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18
Q

(disorders of SI)

(ascarid impaction)

(treatment)

  1. treat medically if pain can be managed - what three things?
  2. sx if signs persist - what kind?
A
  1. gastric decompression (2-4 hrs), fluids, pain mgmt (flunixin, xylazine, detomidine, butorphanol)
  2. enterotomy (remove impaction and ascarids)
19
Q

(disorders of SI)

(intussusception)

  1. any sex or breed - most common in what age?
  2. three types (jejunal-jejunal, jejuneal-ileal, ileal-cecal)

what type occurs in younger?

what may tapeworm cause?

  1. occurs secondary to what?
A
  1. younger horses
  2. j-j, i-c
  3. alterations in motility (enteritis or parasites)
20
Q

(disorders of SI)

(intussusception)

  1. Cx?
A
  1. colic, tachycardia, dehydration, dec GI sounds
21
Q

(disorders of SI)

(intussusception)

A
22
Q

(disorders of SI)

(intussusception)

  1. tx?
  2. prog fair to guarded

better for j-j or i-c?

A
  1. may self-reduce - but risk that intestines will be compromised

decompression (2-4 hrs), fluids, pain mgmt

surgical tx recommended: reduction or resection if bad enough

  1. j-j
23
Q

(disorders of SI)

(volvulus)

  1. any age, sex, breed
  2. what is it?
  3. Cx:
A
  1. torsion of SI along mesenteric axis

(can involve entire SI if at root of mesentery… or can be segmental too)

24
Q

(disorders of SI)

(volvulus)

  1. dx?
A
25
Q

(disorders of SI)

(volvulus)

  1. tx?
A
  1. surgical correction, decompression, R and A if viability bad
26
Q

(disorders of SI)

(epiploic foramen entrapment)

  1. any sex or breed - most commonly what age?
  2. what happens?
A
  1. middle-aged
  2. SI trapped in epiploic space (btwn right caudate lobe of liver, portal vein, and caudal vena cava)
27
Q

(disorders of SI)

(epiploic foramen entrapment)

A
28
Q

(disorders of SI)

(epiploic foramen entrapment)

  1. tx?
A
  1. sx (correct entrapment)

decompress gas and fluids. RA if viability questinoable

29
Q

(disorders of SI)

(epiploic foramen entrapment)

  1. prog is guarded
A
30
Q

(disorders of SI)

(pedunculated lipomas)

  1. any breed or sex - what age?
  2. what happens?
A
  1. older horses
31
Q

(disorders of SI)

(pedunculated lipomas)

  1. dx
A
32
Q

(disorders of SI)

(pedunculated lipomas)

A
33
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal hernias)

  1. usually Stallions
  2. in adults acquired and nonreducible - how about in foals (congeintal)?
A
  1. reducible
34
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal hernias)

  1. what two types? (+ how common)
A
  1. indirect - most common

SI passes through vaginal ring into vaginal tunic

  1. direct: not common (more common in foals)

rent in peritoneum allows SI to lay outside vaginal tunic in subq space

35
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal hernias)

A
36
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal hernias)

(tx)

  1. for reducible indirect?
  2. non-reducible indirect
  3. direct
A
  1. reduce externally -> inguinal herniorrhaphy or castration with closure of inguinal ring
  2. celiotomy -> castration and closure of inguinal ring
  3. sx to repair torn edges of vaginal tunic and reduce hernia
37
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal hernias)

(prog and complications)

A
38
Q

(disorders of SI)

(inguinal impaction/hypertrophy)

  1. any sex/breed - middle-aged to older horses
  2. assoc with coastal hay feeding or tapeworm infection
  3. Cx: moderate colic, freq colic w/ hypertrophy, tachycardia, dec/absent GI sounds, dehydration
A
39
Q

(disorders of SI)

(ileal impaction/hypertrophy)

  1. dx?
A
40
Q

(disorders of SI)

(ileal impaction/hypertrophy)

  1. med tx?
  2. sx?
  3. prog?
A
  1. pain mgmt, IV fluids, correct electrolytes, gastric decompression as needed
  2. external manipulation of impacted ileum and decompression into cecum; severe perform enterotomy
41
Q

(disorders of SI)

(adhesions)

  1. usually from what?
A
  1. prior abdominal sx (could also be castration of peritonitis)

(risk factors from sx: distention, contamination, handling of intestine, allowing serosal surface of intestine to dry out, inflamm, ischemia)

42
Q

(disorders of SI)

(adhesions)

  1. Cx?
A
43
Q

(disorders of SI)

(adhesions)

  1. dx same as others…
  2. med tx?
  3. sx?
A
  1. (if not causing obstruction): controlling pain and decreasing bulk of fiber in diet
  2. break down adhesions manually via celiotomy or laparoscope

equine-18-surgery (13 decks)

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