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Pharm > 07c: Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

07c: Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Major constituents of smog (with upper safety limits set by EPA):

A
  1. Ozone
  2. CO
  3. Sulfur and nitrogen dioxide
  4. Particulates
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2
Q

Ozone is toxic because:

A

Highly reactive oxidant (ROS generated, lung epithelium damaged)

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3
Q

List examples of indoor air pollutants.

A
  1. Radon
  2. Asbestos fibers
  3. Formaldehyde (gas)
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4
Q

(X) is radioactive gas derived from uranium. It can be found in (Y) or uranium mines and the toxic effects have been tied to (Z) disease.

A 
X = radon
Y = soil (in some basements)
Z = lung cancer
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5
Q

(X) pollutant was found in insulation, floor, and ceiling tiles before it was banned in 1970. Its toxic effects have been tied to (Y) diseases.

A 
X = asbestos fibers
Y = Mesothelioma, lung fibrosis and lung cancer
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6
Q

(X) pollutant can come from foam insulation, glue, wood products. Its toxic effects have been tied to (Y) diseases.

A 
X = formaldehyde
Y = asthma, ENT irritation, dermatitis
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7
Q

(X) heavy metal has toxic hematologic, skeletal, neuro, GI, and renal effects (especially in children). What’s the mechanism of toxicity?

A

X = lead

Binds sulfhydryl groups in proteins and blocks Ca metabolism

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8
Q

(X) heavy metal has toxic effects on CNS (tremors, confusion, retardation, death). What’s the mechanism of toxicity?

A

X = mercury

Binds sulfhydryl groups in proteins (esp CNS and kidney)

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9
Q

Ankle X-ray shows radiodense lines in epiphyses from poor remodeling of cartilage/bone trabeculae. You suspect (X) poisoning.

A

X = lead

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10
Q

(X) heavy metal found in soil, water, herbicides (and used historically as murder weapon). What’s the mechanism of toxicity?

A

X = arsenic

Replaces ATP phosphates (inhibits mito ox phosphorylation)

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11
Q

Hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis are common clinical features of (X) heavy metal poisoning.

A

X = arsenic

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12
Q

List examples of toxic volatile organic compounds, which mainly enter body via (X) route.

A

X = lung

  1. Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
  2. Benzene, 1,3-butadiene
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13
Q

List examples of toxic organic compounds in manufactured products, which mainly enter body via (X) routes.

A

X = skin, Gi, resp tracts

  1. Organochlorines
  2. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM)
  3. Phthalate esters
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14
Q

Chloracne is acne-like eruption with (X) features. It results from exposure to:

A

X = cysts, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis

Organochlorines

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15
Q

T/F: Smoking (cigarette, cigar, pipe) causes 1 in 10 deaths per year.

A

False - 1 in 5

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16
Q

Smoking (cigarette, cigar, pipe) accounts for (X)% of lung cancer. Quitting before age 40 reduces risk of dying from smoking-related disease by (Y)%.

A

X = Y = 90

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17
Q

Smoking: inflammation and mucus production (bronchitis) increases (X) cells in lung. This (increases/decreases) elastase activity, resulting in:

A

X = neutrophils
Increases;
Elastin destruction in alveolar walls (emphysema)

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18
Q

EtOH toxicity mechanism: its metabolism causes (increase/decrease) in (X), thus generating toxic (Y).

A

Decrease;
X = NAD
Y = acetaldehyde (carcinogen)

19
Q

EtOH toxicity effects (incoordination, memory impairment, sleepiness, nausea, etc.) are effects of (X) compound.

A

X = acetaldehyde

20
Q

EtOH toxicity: what causes the fat (breakdown/accumulation)?

A 
Accumulation;
Low NAD (required for FA ox)
21
Q

Tolerance to alcohol is determined genetically based on levels which enzyme(s)? What roles do they play?

A
  1. ADH (EtOH to acetaldehyde)

2. ALDH (acetaldehyde to acetic acid)

22
Q

T/F: Individuals with low alcohol tolerance are protected against alcoholism.

A

True

23
Q

Drunk driving in US correlated with (X) concentration of EtOH on breath test.

A

X = 80 mg/dL blood

24
Q

Acute alcoholism results in (activation/depression) of neuronal centers and can result in which respiratory changes at high EtOH levels?

A

Depression;

Resp arrest

25
Q

(X) injury type is scraping/rubbing and removal of superficial layer.

A

X = abrasion

26
Q

(X) injury type is bruise from blunt object; extravasation of blood into tissue.

A

X = contusion

27
Q

(X) injury type is tear/disruptive stretch from blunt object. Bridging blood vessels are (severed/intact).

A

X = laceration

Intact

28
Q

Incised wound, unlike (X) injury type, has (severed/intact) bridging blood vessels.

A

X = laceration

Intact

29
Q

(X) injury type is pierced tissue from penetration of long, narrow, sharp object.

A

X = puncture wound

30
Q

Thermal burn: which characteristics of burn are taken into account?

A
  1. Depth
  2. % body surface
  3. Internal injuries (from inhalation of hot/toxic fumes)
31
Q

“Superficial” 1st degree burns involve (X) layer(s). They tend to be red, (moist/dry), and painful.

A

X = epidermis

Dry

32
Q

“Partial thickness” 2nd degree burns involve (X) layer(s). They tend to be red, (moist/dry), and painful.

A

X = epidermis and some dermis

Moist (blisters)

33
Q

“Full thickness” 3rd/4th degree burns involve (X) layer(s).

A

X = epidermis and full dermis

34
Q

T/F: Full thickness burns are anesthetic; and layers incapable of regeneration.

A

True

35
Q

T/F: 1st degree burns have highest risk of infection.

A

False - 3rd/4th degree

36
Q

Heat stroke: prolonged core temp of over (X)oC causes peripheral (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) and thus:

A

X = 40 (104oF)
Vasodilation

Reduced blood flow to brain/heart (confusion, coma, death)

37
Q

Local hypothermia (frostbite) involves (increase/decrease) in vessel permeability and crystallization of (intra/extra)-cellular water.

A

Increase;

Both

38
Q

Systemic hypothermia involves (hypo/hyper)-ventilation and becomes “severe” at core temp under (X)oC.

A

Mild (hyperventilation), moderate (hypoventilation

X = 28 (under 82oF)

39
Q

T/F: Electical injury: Wet skin lowers resistance by 100-fold.

A

True

40
Q

Ionizing radiation is damaging to DNA via (direct/indirect) mechanism.

A

Direct and indirect (via free radicals)

41
Q

Radiopneumonitis is a severe (X) caused by (Y) exposure.

A 
X = fibrosis of lung
Y = ionizing radiation
42
Q

T/F: Only long-term UV radiation causes depletion of Langerhans cells.

A

False - short-term also

43
Q

Leathery, wrinkled skin from prolonged UV radiation is a result of:

A

Elastin and collagen breakdown

Pharm (16 decks)

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