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Pharm > 04a: Pathology 1 > Flashcards

04a: Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the cell/tissue adaptations to stress.

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Metaplasia
  3. Hypertrophy
  4. Atrophy
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2
Q

Cell adaptation: Increase in number of cells, resulting in increased volume of tissue/organ.

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

T/F: Hyperplasia is indicative of pathology.

A

False - can be physiologic (ex: lactating breast) or pathologic (ex: BPH)

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4
Q

T/F: In both physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia, when the stimulus that induces it is removed, proliferation ceases.

A

True

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5
Q

Responses of uterus and breasts in pregnancy/lactation are examples of (hyperplasia/metaplasia/hypertrophy).

A

Both hyperplasia and hypertrophy (often occur in association)

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6
Q

T/F: Hypertrophy does not require a cell population

capable of cell division, but can occur in fully mature non-dividing cells.

A

True

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7
Q

Cell adaptation: Increase in size of cells, resulting in increased volume of tissue/organ.

A

Hypertrophy

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8
Q

Example(s) of physiologic hypertrophy.

A
  1. Hepatocyte hypertrophy (demand for drug metabolism)

2. Muscle hypertrophy

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9
Q

(X) appear to be the major triggers for physiologic hypertrophy. In pathologic states, (Y) signals may be more important.

A 
X = mechanical stretch/sensors
Y = alpha-adrenergic hormones, angiotensin, and growth factors
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10
Q

Cell adaptation: Shrinkage of a tissue due to loss of cell (substance/number).

A

Atrophy;

Either

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11
Q

(X) is a pathway responsible for

accelerated proteolysis in atrophy.

A

X = ubiquitin-proteasome

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12
Q

Sequestration of cell organelles into (X) that fuse with (Y) and digest enclosed material.

A 
X = autophagic 
Y = lysosomes

Autophagy

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13
Q

Atrophic cells ultimately accumulate numerous shrunken

X) that contain only lipofuschin, the residue of (Y). These structures are called (Z

A 
X = lysosomes
Y = hydrolytic enzyme digestion
Z = residual bodies
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14
Q

Metaplasia is (reversible/irreversible) change in which (epithelial/mesenchymal) cell is replaced by (X).

A

Reversible;
Either;
X = another adult cell type

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15
Q

Metaplasia is induced by (X) and results from the reprogramming of (Y) cells.

A 
X = cytokines and growth factors
Y = tissue stem
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16
Q

List the general causes of cell injury.

A
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Physical, chemical, infectious agents
  3. Immunologic reactions
  4. Genetics and nutrition
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17
Q

Reversible cell injury has which two characteristic features/changes in cell?

A
  1. Cell swelling

2. Fatty change/accumulation

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18
Q

Necrosis: Disruption/fragmentation of cell membranes, forming spiral aggregates called (X).

A

X = myelin bodies

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19
Q

A reliable morphologic characteristic of necrosis is (X) of which organelle?

A

X = absence or fragmentation

Nucleus

20
Q

(Cell death/ultrastructural changes) occurs first on timeframe of changes in necrosis.

A

Cell death

21
Q

(X) necrosis is typical of ischemic injury.

A

X = coagulative

22
Q

Gangrenous necrosis is example of (fibrinoid/caseous/coagulative) necrosis.

A

coagulative

23
Q

(X) necrosis shows no ghost outlines because dead cells undergo (Y). What is the gross appearance of this necrosis?

A 
X = liquefactive
Y = hydrolysis by enzymes from ruptured lysosomes

Viscous liquid then cavity

24
Q

(X) necrosis is seen following bacterial infection.

A

X = liquefactive

25
Q

(X) necrosis seen as result of lung abscess or CNS infarct.

A

X = liquefactive

26
Q

(X) necrosis describes gross appearance of that seen in (Y) tissue in TB.

A 
X = caseous (cheesy)
Y = lung
27
Q

(X) necrosis produced by action of free pancreatic enzyme on adjacent, mainly (Y), tissues.

A

X = Y = fat

28
Q

In (X) necrosis, the release of FA from the tissue promotes early formation of (Y) deposits.

A 
X = fat
Y = Ca
29
Q

(X) necrosis seen in immune reactions, involving (Y) structures.

A 
X = fibrinoid
Y = blood vessels
30
Q

(X) necrosis: appearance of bright pink amorphous material called (Y). What forms this?

A

X = Y = fibrinoid

Ag and Ab and fibrin complexes

31
Q

ATP depletion to (X)% levels is a potential deathblow to cell. This depletion is most frequently caused by (Y).

A 
X = 5-10
Y = anoxia
32
Q

Influx of (X) to cytosol has damaging effects to cell due to which 2 effects/mechanisms?

A

X = Ca

  1. Increase mito permeability
  2. Activates multiple cell enzymes (ATPases, proteases, endonucleases)
33
Q

Re-perfusion of tissue following period of ischemia can be damaging to cells for what reason?

A

Major buildup of ROS

34
Q

T/F: Apoptosis is more often a pathologic process than a physiologic one.

A

False - vise versa

35
Q

T/F: Apoptotic process preserves targeted cell membrane intact.

A

True

36
Q

Execution of (apoptosis/necrosis) is accomplished by activation of (X) enzymes cascade.

A

Apoptosis;

X = caspase

37
Q

T/F: Both necrosis and apoptosis involve inflammatory response.

A

False - only necrosis

38
Q

List some adaptive/physiologic causes of apoptosis.

A
  1. Organogenesis
  2. Hormone-dependent involution (ex: menstrual cycle)
  3. Cell deletion/replacement in proliferating cell populations
  4. Immune stuff (neutrophils, self-reactive lymphocytes)
39
Q

(Apoptosis/necrosis) in response to (X) is the mechanism important in neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and Parkinson’s.

A

Apoptosis;

X = misfolded protein accumulation in ER

40
Q

Necroptosis resembles (apoptosis/necrosis) morphologically and (apoptosis/necrosis) mechanistically.

A

Necrosis; apoptosis

41
Q

(Necrosis/apoptosis/necroptosis) is driven by signaling by RIP1 and RIP3 protein complexes.

A

Necroptosis

42
Q

T/F: Cell swelling and membrane damage is seen in necroptosis.

A

True

43
Q

T/F: Inflammatory reaction is seen in necroptosis.

A

True

44
Q

T/F: Necroptosis is unique to pathological conditions.

A

False - also seen in some normal processes

45
Q

The (extrinsic/intrinsic) (X) apoptotic pathway involves cell injury such as (Y).

A

Intrinsic;
X = mitochondrial
Y = DNA damage, protein misfolding

46
Q

The (extrinsic/intrinsic) (X) apoptotic pathway occurs when ligands, often present on (Y) engage (Z) membrane receptors.

A

Extrinsic;
X = death receptor
Y = T lymphocytes
Z = TNF

47
Q

The (extrinsic/intrinsic) (X) apoptotic pathway: bcl2 and bclx replaced by bak and bax on (Y) membrane. What does this do?

A

Intrinsic;
X = Y = mitochondrial

Increase membrane permeability and cytochrome c released into cytoplasm (activates caspase cascade)

Pharm (16 decks)

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