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Pharm > 04b: Pathology 2 > Flashcards

04b: Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the elements of tissue repair.

A
  1. Regeneration

2. Fibrosis

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2
Q

(Stable/Labile/Permanent) cells are continuously dividing cells. Give examples.

A

Labile; surface epithelia

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3
Q

(Stable/Labile/Permanent) cells are infrequently dividing cells.

A

Stable; liver, smooth muscle

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4
Q

(Stable/Labile/Permanent) cells are rarely or non- dividing cells.

A

Permanent; neurons, skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Ideal outcome of repair is (X), aka healing by (primary/secondary) intention.

A

X = regeneration

Primary

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6
Q

(X) is also referred to as healing by secondary intention. It occurs if regeneration is not possible.

A

X = fibrosis/fibroplasia

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7
Q

(Adult/embryonic) stem cells are derived from (X) and are pluripotent.

A

Embryonic;

X = developing blastocyst

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8
Q

T/F: Adult stem cells reside permanently in most organs.

A

True

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9
Q

Healing of tissue defects is usually (regeneration/fibrosis).

A

Combination of both

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10
Q

List examples of diseases that are complicated by fibrosis.

A
  1. MI (myocardial fibrosis)
  2. Chronic viral hep (liver cirrhosis)
  3. Diffuse alveolar damage (pulm interstitial fibrosis)
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11
Q

List some local factors that affect wound healing.

A
  1. Blood/nerve supply
  2. Infection, foreign bodies
  3. Necrotic tissue
  4. Mechanical stress
  5. Type/location of tissue
  6. Surgical technique used
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12
Q

List some systemic factors that affect wound healing.

A
  1. Diabetes, malnutrition, Vit C deficiency
  2. Steroids
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Malignancy (cancer)
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13
Q

List the first step in tissue repair and the corresponding tissue layer.

A

Inflammation;

Acute inflamm and necrotic cell mass

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14
Q

List the second step in tissue repair and the corresponding tissue layer.

A

Cell proliferation and Migration;

Granulation tissue

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15
Q

List the third step in tissue repair and the corresponding tissue layer.

A

Synthesis of ECM;

Granulation tissue and ECM

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16
Q

List the fourth step in tissue repair and the corresponding tissue layer.

A

Remodeling of ECM;

Fibrous scar

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17
Q

Tissue repair: In the inflammation step, which tissue elements are present in that layer?

A
  1. Fibrin
  2. Neutrophils, macrophages
  3. Platelets
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18
Q

Tissue repair: The purpose of acute inflammation is to…

A

Contain injury and initiate reparative process

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19
Q

Tissue repair: In the inflammation step, which molecular elements play key roles?

A
  1. Cytokines (interleukins, interferons, TNF)

2. Growth Factors (FGF, PDGF)

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20
Q

Tissue repair: In layer 2, there’s an ingrowth of (X) cells to form (Y).

A 
X = fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Y = granulation tissue (specialized reparative stroma)
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21
Q

Tissue repair: (X) layer/tissue is the “organ of repair” that ultimately produces (Y) tissue.

A 
X = Layer 2 (granulation tissue)
Y = mature scar (layer 4)
22
Q

Tissue repair: which tissue layer undergoes (X) process, which involves formation of new vessels?

A

X = angiogensis

Layer 2 (granulation tissue)

23
Q

Angiogenesis is driven by multiple (cytokines/growth factors), particularly (X).

A

Growth factors;

X = VEGF

24
Q

List the steps of angiogenesis from pre-existing vessels.

A
  1. Basement membrane degradation
  2. Endothelial cell migration
  3. Endothelial cell prolif
  4. Maturation and tube formation
25
Q

Growth factors are typically (CHO/peptides/steroids) that signal via (autocrine/paracrine/endocrine) mechanism.

A

Peptides;

All

26
Q

(X) and (Y) are related growth factors that induce wide variety of cells (including epithelial and fibroblasts) to divide.

A 
X = EGF
Y = TGF-alpha
27
Q

(X) growth factor is stored in alpha granules of platelets, as well as in some other cells. Among its effects are induction of (growth/migration/prolif) of (Y) cells.

A

X = PDGF
Migration and proliferation
Y = endothelial and fibroblasts

28
Q

(X) growth factor is produced by variety of cells. Among its effects are induction of (growth/migration/prolif) of (Y) cells as well as angiogenesis.

A

X = FGF;
Migration
Y = macrophage, fibroblast, endothelial

29
Q

(X) growth factor induces increased vascular permeability and is essential to (Y).

A 
X = VEGF
Y = angiogenesis
30
Q

(X) growth factor can function as growth inhibitory and stimulatory agent, depending on tissue environment. It stimulates production of (Y).

A 
X = TGF-beta
Y = collagen and fibronectin
31
Q

(X) is an important growth factor in development of fibrosis in many chronic inflammatory conditions.

A

X = TGF-beta

32
Q

ECM: functions to give tissues physical properties such as (X).

A

X = turgor, elasticity, rigidity

33
Q

Tissue repair: which tissue layer acts as reservoir for growth factors?

A

ECM (layer 3, granulation tissue and ECM)

34
Q

Tissue repair: which tissue layer provides substratum/matrix for cells to use for (X)?

A

ECM (layer 3, granulation tissue and ECM);

X = adherence/migration

35
Q

ECM is found in which two distinct domains?

A
  1. Basal membrane

2. Interstitial matrix

36
Q

Fibrillary collagens would be found in (X) domain of ECM. Non-fibrillary collagens in (Y) domain. And elastin in (Z) domain.

A 
X = Z = interstitial matrix
Y = both (interstitial matrix and basement membrane)
37
Q

ECM consists mainly of which groups of macromolecules?

A
  1. Fibrous structural proteins
  2. CAMs (cell adhesion proteins)
  3. Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan
38
Q

Most collagen types are (fibrillary/non-fibrillary). Type (X) is the exception, which forms in which structural shape?

A

Fibrillary;
X = 4

Sheets

39
Q

(Elastins/collagens) have numerous (X), a property that confers tensile strength to these macromolecules.

A

Collages;

X = cross linkages (between adjacent molecules)

40
Q

(Elastins/collagens) are abundant in structures like the aorta, uterus, ligaments due to the tissue’s ability to (X).

A

Elastins;

X = stretch and recoil

41
Q

CAMs are cell adhesion (X) that function to (Y). List some important examples.

A 
X = glycoproteins
Y = link cells and ECM
  1. Cadherins
  2. Integrins
  3. Fibronectin
  4. Laminin
42
Q

(X) are the major family of transmembrane cell surface receptors that mediate cell attachment to ECM.

A

X = integrins

43
Q

Which part of ECM involved in organizing the actin cytoskeleton of cells to induce shape alterations and cell movement?

A

Integrins

44
Q

ECM: (X) is large adhesive glycoprotein with specific binding domains. List the cells that produce it.

A

X = fibronectin

Monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

45
Q

ECM: (X) is the most abundant glycoprotein in basement membranes, spanning the entire membrane. IT binds specific surface receptors to (Y).

A 
X = laminin
Y = collagen type 4 and heparan sulfate
46
Q

ECM: (X) consist of core proteins linked to one or more disaccharide polymers called (Y). What’s the role/function?

A 
X = proteoglycans
Y = GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)

Regulate ECM structure/permeability

47
Q

ECM: (X) is a large molecule consisting of numerous simple (mono/di/tri)-saccharide repeats. It associates with various core proteins and surface receptors.

A

X = hyaluronan

Disaccharide

48
Q

ECM: (X) molecule binds (Y) to give tissues turgor pressure. It’s abundant in matrix of cells that are actively (growing/dividing/migrating/differentiating).

A 
X = hyaluronan
Y = water

Migrating

49
Q

Tissue repair: ECM of layer 4 consists predominantly of (X).

A

X = collagen fibers

50
Q

ECM remodeling achieved by process of degradation of (X) by (Y) enzymes.

A 
X = collagen (and other ECM proteins)
Y = metalloproteinases
51
Q

ECM remodeling involves synthesis of new (X) by (Y) cells.

A 
X = collagen bundles
Y = fibroblasts
52
Q

ECM remodeling: (X) cells contract and draw the edges of tissue defect together. What’s the fate of blood vessels?

A

X = myofibroblasts

Apoptosis

Pharm (16 decks)

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