05b: Chronic and Granulomatous Inflammation Flashcards
Chronic inflammation lasts how long?
More than a few days
List the typical causes of chronic inflammation
- Prolonged exposure to injury/irritant
- Immune-mediated diseases
- Persistent infections
T/F: All major cells present in acute inflammation are also present in chronic inflammation.
False - all except neutrophils
T/F: All major cells present in chronic inflammation are also present in acute inflammation.
False - all except fibroblasts
M1 (X)-activated macrophages are important in (Y).
X = classically Y = acute inflammation
M2 (X)-activated macrophages are important in (Y).
X = alternatively Y = wound healing
(M1/M2) macrophages produce ROS and lysosomal enzymes.
M1
(M1/M2) macrophages produce IL-10 and TGF-beta.
M2
(M1/M2) macrophages produce NO and chemokines.
M1
(M1/M2) macrophages produce IL-1, 12, and 23.
M1
Top layer of skin ulcer is comprised of:
Fibrinopurulent exudate (fibrin and neutrophils)
Middle layer of skin ulcer is comprised of:
Granulation tissue (cap network embedded in loos matrix of fibroconnective tissue)
Deep/bottom layer of skin ulcer is comprised of:
Scar tissue
(Top/middle/bottom) layer of skin ulcer contains inflammatory cells.
Middle (granulation tissue)
Autoimmune diseases: abundant inflammatory cross-talk between which two main cells?
Macrophages and T-cells
Chronic inflammation: Macrophages produce (X) and present antigen to activate T cells as well as to promote (Y) processes.
X = cytokines (i.e. IL-12, TNF) Y = leukocyte recruitment, inflammation
Chronic inflammation: Activated T-cells produce (X) to further activate macrophages as well as to promote (Y) processes.
X = cytokines (i.e. TNF, IL-17, IFN-gamma) Y = leukocyte recruitment, inflammation
(X) leukocytes are most closely identified with asthmatic response.
X = eosinophils
Acute phase proteins are elevated in (acute/chronic) inflammation.
Both! rapidly increase during acute phase and stay chronically elevated unless inflammation subsides
Acute phase proteins are present in (X) and synthesized primarily by (Y).
X = blood Y = hepatocytes
Which clinical methods most often used to measure acute phase reactants/proteins?
- CRP (C-reactive protein)
2. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
(X) inhibitors dramatically improve outcomes in chronic inflammatory conditions. List the two methods of inhibition used.
X = TNF
- Ab to TNF
- TNF soluble receptors
(X) cytokine stimulates (Y) to synthesize acute phase reactants. Which cells produce this?
X = IL-6 Y = liver
Macrophages, T-cells, Fibroblasts, Endothelial cells
C-reactive protein increases by factor of (X) during inflammation.
X = 5-500
T/F: Plasma levels of cytokines are used clinically to monitor chronic inflammation.
False - too short of half-life and low conc in plasma
At minimum, a granuloma is defined as:
Aggregation of macrophages (arranged concentrically)
Granuloma usually arranged in which shape?
Concentrically around pathogen or irritant
Granuloma: (X) cells surrounded by collar of (Y) cells.
X = epithelioid macrophages Y = lymphocytes
Purpose of granulomas:
Attempt by host to contain and eliminate an insult too great for one cell alone
List some causes (and examples) of granulomas.
- Bacterial (esp myobacteria) infections (TB, Leprosy)
- Fungal/parasitic infections
- Foreign body
- Idiopathic (Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s Disease)
Distinctive feature of granuloma is presence of (X) cells with abundant (basophilic/eosinophilic) cytoplasm. What are these cells derived from?
X = multi-nucleated giant
Eosinophilic
Fusion of individual macrophages
Chronic granulomatous disease is a result of (X) enzyme (excess/deficiency/mutation). What’s the function of (X)?
X = NADPH Oxidase
Deficiency
Generates ROS
Growth factors typically act through which receptor type?
RTKs
