01a: Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

List the pharmacologic phenomena that describe time course of drug in body.

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Passive diffusion follows (0/1/2)-order kinetics. Thus, rate of transport depends on (X).

A

1

X = conc gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the physicochemical features of drug molecules that affect drug transport.

A
  1. MW
  2. Lipophilicity (oil:water partition coeff)
  3. pKa (ionizable groups)
  4. Physical form (solid/liquid/gas)
  5. Stability in aqueous soln
  6. Affinity for proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Active transport follows (0/1/2)-order kinetics. Thus, (X) is constant.

A

0

X = rate of transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(X) method of drug transport is especially important for high MW compounds, such as protein therapeutics.

A

X = endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ionization markedly increases (X), thus (increasing/decreasing) lipophilicity.

A

X = hydrophilicity

Decreasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drugs with (X) groups act as acids and become (pos/neg)-charged as pH (increases/decreases).

A

X = carboxylate
Neg
Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drugs with (X) groups act as bases and become (pos/neg)-charged as pH (increases/decreases).

A

X = amine
pos;
Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A drug that’s a weak base is able to cross cell membrane via diffusion at (high/low) pH.

A

High (loses H, becomes neutral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aspirin is a (strong/weak) (acid/base) with pKa of 3.5. At physiological pH, can it cross membrane via diffusion?

A

Weak acid;

No - neg charged (lost H)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(X) is the transport of small molecule drugs in bulk flow of aqueous fluid. What does the rate of this transport depend on?

A

X = filtration

  1. Hydrostatic P
  2. Drug properties (MW, size, charge, binding)
  3. Tissue porosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List some organs/structures that use filtration as method of drug transport.

A

Glomerulus, liver sinusoids, choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(X) transport is an important mechanism for mAb transport. In the body, mAb are transported from (Y) into (Z) spaces.

A
X = convective
Y = lymph or blood
Z = tissue spaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Convective transport depends on:

A
  1. Fluid flow rate (into tissue)
  2. Sieving effect of paracellular pores
  3. Hydrostatic P gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The sieving effect in (X) transport depends on:

A

X = convective

  1. Size/shape of pores
  2. Size/shape/charge of Ab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

P-glycoprotein1 (Pgp) is a drug transporter belonging to (X) family. Which types of substrates does it transport?

A

X = ABC

Neutral, cationic, and amphipathic substrates (multidrug/variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

OAT1, aka (X), is a drug transporter belonging to (Y) family.

A
X = Organic anion transporter;
Y = solute carrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rate of receptor-mediated endocytosis is dependent on:

A
  1. Receptor expression

2. Membrane insertion of receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: All transport of Ab via endocytosis involves specific binding.

A

False - fluid phase endocytosis is nonspecific (no ligand binding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluid-phase endocytosis is a process driven by (X). It’s responsible for entrance of which drugs into (Y) tissues?

A

X = mAb concentration on extracellular side
mAb
Y = endothelial and peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Absorption kinetics: how long it takes for….

A

Transport of drug from site of admin to systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Absorption kinetics are characterized by:

A
  1. Absorption half-life

2. Bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define bioavailability.

A

Percent of the administered dose that’s absorbed (reaches circulation in SAME molecular form)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Fastest possible input rate is seen in oral route of drug administration.

A

False - IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
IV drug administration: in addition to sterility, which two characteristics are important to consider?
1. Lack of particulates | 2. Aqueous solubility
26
IV administration is a good route for (low/high) MW, (polar/nonpolar) molecules.
High; polar
27
T/F: Enteral administration of drugs is simply another way to say "oral" admin.
False - enteral can be via mouth or rectum
28
"First-pass effect" influences (bioavailability/abs half-life) when drugs are administered via (X) route. Briefly describe this effect.
Bioavailability; X = enteral (oral) Lumenal, mucosal, and/or hepatic biotransformation
29
Oral administration of drug: absorption half-life affected by which three things?
1. Formulation of drug (dissolution from solid) 2. Gastric emptying time 3. Interactions with diet/other drugs in GI lumen
30
The GI mucosa could serve as a barrier, affecting (bioavailability/abs half-life) of drugs with which characteristics?
Bioavailability; High MW, low lipophilicity, carrier-mediated extrusion (back to lumen)
31
Parenteral admin of drugs includes which specific method(s)?
1. IV injection | 2. Intramuscular or subcutaneous injection
32
Uptake of high MW compounds into (X), when administered via I.M./S.C. injections, provides (fast/slow) absorption rate.
X = lymphatics | Slow
33
Inhalation route of admin provides (fast/slow) absorption of gases/vapors into circulation. Why?
Fast; 1. High pulmonary blood flow 2. Low diffusional distance from alveolus to blood
34
Distribution kinetics: rate and extent of drug distribution from (X) to (Y).
``` X = vascular fluid Y = tissue space ```
35
Distribution kinetics: the equilibration rate is based on (X).
X = blood flow/tissue perfusion rates
36
Distribution kinetics: list some tissue factors that affect equilibrium gradient.
1. Vascular permeability 2. Macromolecular and plasma protein binding 3. Dissolution of lipid-soluble drugs in adipose
37
V(d), the apparent volume of distribution, refers to:
volume of body into which drug appears to have distributed
38
T/F: Drugs will distribute into their V(d) depending on their chemical characteristics.
True
39
TBW (total body water) in 70 kg subject is (X) L and (Y)% body weight.
``` X = 40-42 Y = 58 ```
40
Majority of total body water, about (X)%, is (Y) fluid compartment.
``` X = 67 Y = intracellular ```
41
Extracellular fluid compartment in 70 kg subject is (X) L and (Y)% body weight.
``` X = 12-14 Y = 17 ```
42
Plasma fluid is part of (intra/extra)-cellular fluid compartment. In 70 kg subject, this is (X) L and (Y)% body weight.
Extracellular; X = 3-4 Y = 4
43
High MW drugs (ex: therapeutic proteins) will likely have V(d) equal to:
Plasma V
44
Low MW, polar drugs will likely have V(d) equal to:
Extracellular fluid
45
Low MW, non-polar/lipophilic drugs will likely have V(d) equal to:
TBW (or greater; stored in adipose)
46
Patient variability: V(d) is generally (directly/inversely/un)-proportional to body weight.
Directly
47
T/F: A drug's V(d) is always larger in obese patients.
False - depends on its characteristics/where it's distributed (TBW v adipose)
48
Clearance of an organ depends on which two key factors?
1. Plasma flow | 2. Extraction ratio (how readily organ extracts drug)
49
Total clearance is the (sum/product) of:
Sum; | Renal and non-renal clearances
50
T/F: Renal clearance of drug involves its elimination in an unchanged form.
True
51
Fc-mediated elimination pathways is for (endogenous/therapeutic) (X). Which receptors are involved?
Either; X = IgGs or mAbs FcRn or Fc(gamma)
52
In (X) method of drug elimination, (Y) complex forms in the (acid/neutral/basic) environment of the early endosome.
X = FcRn-mediated elimination/recycling Y =FcRn-mAb Acid
53
FcRn-mediated elimination/recycling: large fraction of endosomes end up where?
Not delivered to lysosome, but sorted to cell surface for Ab recycling
54
Administration of mAb can trigger immune response, generating (X), which then form (Y). How are these eliminated?
``` X = endogenous Ab (antidrug Ab/ADA) Y = immune complexes ``` Via RES (reticuloendothelial system, predominantly phagocytes)
55
Non-renal clearance via (X) system(s) involves excretion of the unchanged drug.
X = lungs or bile
56
Non-renal clearance: biotransformation of drug involves Phase I, which involves (X) processes.
X = ox, red, or hydrolysis
57
Non-renal clearance: biotransformation of drug involves Phase II, which involves (X) processes.
X = conjugation
58
Mechanisms of renal clearance of drugs, (same/different) as clearance of endogenous substances.
Same; 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Prox tubule carrier-mediated/active secretion 3. Passive reabsorption
59
Glomerular filtration: (X)% renal blood flow is filtered.
X = 20
60
T/F: Protein-bound drugs of any size are not filtered at the glomerulus.
True
61
Acid drugs excreted into urine via (X) process in (Y) part of renal clearance.
``` X = active transport (via organic anion transporter); Y = proximal tubule secretion ```
62
T/F: Protein-bound drugs of any size are not secreted at the proximal tubule.
False - protein binding doesn't affect secretion
63
T/F: Renal clearance: distal tubule reabsorption is passive and involves lipophilic, unionized drugs.
True
64
Acid drug in alkaline urine has (increase/decrease) excretion.
Increase (ionized at high pH, so not passively reabsorbed at distal tubule)
65
Renal clearance, Cl(R), is determined by: (equation)
Urine excretion rate/Cp
66
When calculating renal clearance, the plasma conc (Cp) is taken at (beginning/middle/end) of time interval during which urine excretion is measured.
Middle
67
Renal clearance (increases/decreases) with body weight and (increases/decrease) with age.
Increases; decreases
68
(X)-mediated recycling results in long elimination half-life of IgG and many mAbs.
X = FcRn
69
Elimination in first-order kinetics: the plot of Cp v time has which shape?
Curvilinear
70
Elimination kinetics: in first-order kinetics, therapeutic drug levels tend to be (higher/equal/lower) than Km. List some exceptions.
Much lower; Aspirin, Acetaminophen, EtOH
71
Elimination kinetics: in first-order kinetics, rate of biotransformation is proportional to:
Concentration
72
Why do elimination kinetics of EtOH and aspirin follow (X)-order?
X = zero Effective drug conc is much higher than Km of enzyme of biotransformation
73
Biotransformation (for elimination): Drug becomes (X) after phase 1 and (Y) after phase 2. (Y) is typically (more/less) active and (more/less) polar than parent compound.
``` X = metabolite Y = conjugated metabolite ``` Inactive and more polar
74
T/F: Absorption and elimination half-lives are typically first-order, meaning a constant amount of dose eliminated/absorbed per unit time.
False - constant FRACTION (first-order)
75
Phase 1 biotransformation carried out by (X) enzymes, which catalyze (Y) process. These are most typically located where?
``` X = cytochrome p450 Y = addition of molecular oxygen ``` sER membrane (with highest activity in liver)
76
Phase 2 biotransformation involves (X) process. List some moieties involved.
X = conjugation 1. Glucaronic acid 2. Sulfate 3. Methyl groups 4. Glutathione 5. Acetyl groups 6. Glycine
77
T/F: Renal clearance of drugs would be reduced by renal disease.
True
78
SC/IM drug administration: more extensive absorption of (high/low) molecular weight, (polar/nonpolar) molecules than by p.o. route.
High; polar
79
(X) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes succinylcholine. Rare gene mutation in this enzyme results in markedly (faster/slower) clearance and (longer/shorter) elimination half-life.
X = Pseudocholinesterase Slower; Longer