06_ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Top of the body?
Superior
Lower end of body?
Caudal
Laying face down?
prone
The human body is broken down into what 7 levels of organization?
COC-TOS-O
- Chemical (more than 100 diff. atoms)
- Organelle (allows the cell to live)
- Cellular
- Tissue (fabric of the body)
- Organ
- System (11 major ISM-NEC-LR-DUR)
- Organism Levels (can survive hostile environments)
11 major systems in human?
ISM-NEC-LR-DUR
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
Cell
A typical cell is made up of what 3 parts?
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane exchanges materials through the cell by what process?
Diffusion
Controls chemical reactions occurring in the cell?
Nucleus
Substance contained in the nucleus?
Nucleoplasm
Every human cell contains ____ chromosomes and _______ of genes to determine cell’s function
46, thousands
Gel-like substance surrounding nucleus, responsible for vital functions
Cytoplasm
Unicellular organism?
Amoeba
Lining tissue of the body?
Epithelium
Epithelial classification?
SINGLE vs MULTI LAYERED
“Simple vs Stratified”
3 Classifications of epithelial tissues?
Columnar: Elongated
Squamous: Main protective tissue
Cuboidal: Found in specialized organs
Columnar epithelial cells chief function in the digestive system?
Secretion of digestive fluids and absorption of nutrients
Squamous tissue may be found where?
Eardrum
In the kidneys, cuboidal tissue functions how?
Secretion & absorption of fluids
Most widespread tissue of the body?
Connective
Connective tissue is composed of?
Extracellular materials (fibers and ground substance)
Three predominant types of connective tissue?
Areolar
Adipose
Osseous
Chief function is is bind parts of the body together. Gives tensile strength and elasticity.
Areolar Connective Tissue
Adipose (fatty) tissue first appears as what shape?
Star
Tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones?
Osseous Connective Tissue
3 types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Muscle cells that are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells?
Cardiac
Basic cell of nerve tissue?
Neuron
Outer layer of skin?
Epidermis
Known as “true skin”
Dermis
The skin contains what two types of nerve fibers?
Motor
Sensory
Appendages of the skin?
Nails Hair Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Ceruminous glands
What small muscle causes goose bumps?
Arrector
Sebaceous glands are not found in?
Soles of feet and palms of hand
How much sweat is excreted daily?
1 Liter
The skeleton consists of how many bones?
206
Study of the structure of bone?
Osteology
Bone is made up of what?
MINERAL SALTS (calcium & phosphorus)
OSSEIN (organic)
Hard outer shell of bone?
COMPACT BONE
Inner spongy portion of bone?
Cancellous tissue
Center of bone?
Medullary Canal (contains marrow)
Smooth glossy tissue that forms joint surfaces?
Articular cartilage
Thin outer membrane surrounding the bone?
Periosteum
Known as the pain center of the bone?
Periosteum
Shaft of the bone?
Diaphysis
Ends of bone?
Epiphyses
4 BONE CLASSIFICATIONS?
- LONG (femur, humerus)
- SHORT (wrist ankle)
- FLAT (skull, sternum, scapula)
- IRREGULAR (vertebrae, mandible, pelvic)
Axial skeleton consists of?
skull, the vertebral column, thorax
Skull consists of how many bones?
28
8 major bones in cranium?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid
The facial skeleton consists of how many stationary bones?
14
Bones responsible for prominence of cheeks?
Zygomatic
Bones on side of skull “fan shaped”
Temporal bones
Opening in which nerve fibers from brain pass and enter into spinal cord?
Foramen Magnum
Nerves responsible for sense of smell pass through small openings of what bone?
Ethmoid
Bone that forms the floor and side of orbits?
Sphenoid
L shaped bone that forms the floor of nasal cavity
Palatine
Knuckle shaped head of mandible?
Condyloid process
Forms the septum
Vomer & Ethmoid bones
Helps lift mandible to close mouth?
Coronoid process
Supports the teeth of the mandibular arch?
Alveolar process
AKA chin
Mental protuberance
Anesthetic for dental procedures is typically injected where?
Mandibular foramen
Bones of ear?
MALLEUS: hammer
INCUS: anvil
STAPES: stirrup
The vertebral column consists of how many true vertebrae?
24
5 regions of spine?
CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR SACRAL COCCYGEAL
C-1 & C-2
Atlas
Axis
There are how many vertebrae in the thoracic region.
12
There are how many lumbar vertebrae?
5
The 5 lumbar vertebrae fuse together between what age?
18-30
The first 7 ribs are attached to what flat irregular bone?
Sternal manubrium
First 7 ribs?
Last 5 ribs?
True, False
Last 2 rib pairs are known as?
Floating ribs
Located at the inferior aspect of the sternum?
XIPHOID PROCESS
Clavical shaped like what letter?
S
The pectoral girdle is composed of what?
2 Scapulae and 2 clavicles
The scapula is between what ribs?
2-7
Head of humerus a.k.a.
Glenoid Fossa
Distal prominence of humerus?
Epicondyle
The radius crosses over the ulna when the hand is in what position?
Pronated (palm down)
How many carpal bones form the wrist?
8 bones, 2 rows
Each finger has how many phalanges?
3 (except thumb which has 2)
Hip bone consists of what 3 parts?
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Head of femur fits into what cuplike structure?
Acetabulum
Number of metatarsals (foot bones) in body?
10
Number of toe bones in body?
28
Outer prominence of the hip bone?
Ilium (crest of illium = illiac crest)
Area where the 2 pubic bones meet?
Symphysis Pubis
Longest bone in the body?
Femur
Bones that develop within a tendon are known as?
Sesamoid bones
Shin bone?
Tibia
Name for ankle?
Tarsus
Seven tarsal bones that form the ankle?
Medial Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Lateral Cuneiform Cuboid Navicular Talus Calcaneus (strongest)
The foot has how many metatarsal bones?
5
Joints are classified how?
by the amount of movement they permit
Bones of the skull are an example of what type of joint?
Synarthroses (immoveable)
Vertebrae are an example of what type of joint?
Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
Six types of moveable joints?
Ball-in-socket Condyloid Gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle
Sprain
Torn Ligaments
4 joint movements?
Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Circumduction
Types of angular motion?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction -------------------- OTHER TYPES: Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion
TMJ consists of 3 bony parts?
Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Condyle
Tendons attach?
Muscle to Bone
Three-fold function of muscle?
Providing movement
Posture
Heat
A contracting muscle is referred to as?
Prime Mover
A relaxing muscle is known as an?
Antagonist
A muscles response to stimulus?
Excitability or irritability
Chemical action of muscle fibers consists of what two stages?
Contraction (actin & myosin)
Recovery
Chemical waste produced by muscle contraction?
Carbon dioxide
Lactic acid
Phosphate
Types of muscle contraction?
Isometric
Isotonic
Rigor mortis sets in what time frame?
10 minutes to several hours
3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Muscles are attached in what two places?
ORIGIN: Immovable
INSERTION: Moveable
How many pairs of muscle make chewing movements possible?
4
- ** 3 pairs elevate the mandible ***
- ** 1 pair depresses mandible ***
Muscle that prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth?
Buccinator
Anchors the tongue in the midline to the floor of the mouth.
Lingual Frenulum
Provides the tongue with friction in handling food and acts as taste buds?
Papillae
4 types of taste sensations are?
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Muscles that form the floor of mouth?
Mylohyoid
The health of this structure in the mouth affects the health of the entire body?
Teeth
3 Functions of saliva?
Keep mouth lining moist
Bond food to assist in swallowing
Cleaning agent
Amount of saliva produced daily?
2-3 pints
3 major salivary glands?
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid (inside cheek @ maxillary 2nd molar)
Swallowing
Deglutition
3 phases of deglutition?
1) mastication/swallowing
2) food through pharynx into esophagus
3) food passing into stomach
Muscles that rotate the head left/right when used individually, up/down when used together.
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles that cover approx 1/3 of back and raise/lower shoulders?
Trapezius
Insertion point of Pectoralis Major?
Tubercle of the humerus
The SITE OF CHOICE for intramuscular injections?
Gluteus maximus
How many muscles make up the quadriceps?
Adductor longus
Biceps Femoris?
Hamstring
*** Longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
Calf muscles?
Gastrocnemius & Soleus
Floor of the thoracic cavity and ceiling of abdominal cavity?
It has how many opening for the passage of blood vessels?
Diaphragm, 3
Average adult has how many liters of blood?
5-6
Plasma is what % of whole blood (plasma & cells)
55
Plasma is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw colored liquid consisting of
____ % water?
Approx 92%
Protein that contributes to coagulation?
Fibrinogen
Blood cells suspended in plasma constitute __% of whole blood?
45
When blood components are separated, the WBCs and platelets form a thin layer called?
buffy coat
Small, biconcave, non-nucleated disks formed in the read bone marrow?
RBCs (Erythrocytes)
Blood of an average man contains how many red cells per cubic millimeter?
5 million
May cause an increase in RBCs?
Emotional stress
Strenuous exercise
High altitudes
Key of RBCs ability to carry oxygen & carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobin
Main function of erythrocytes?
Transport respiratory gases
Dark red (venous) blood is the result of?
hemoglobin combining with carbon dioxide
Proximal
Nearest to the point of origin
