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ECU Voice Disorders > 04 - Anatomy & Physiology - Nerves? > Flashcards

04 - Anatomy & Physiology - Nerves? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of Laryngeal Muscles?

A

Extrinsic (Origin or Insertion point outside of the Larynx)

Intrinsic (Both Origin or Insertion points inside the Larynx)

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2
Q

What are the Extrinsic Muscles that ELEVATE the Larynx?

4

A

Digastric

Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid

Geneohyoid

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3
Q

What are the Extrinsic Muscles that DEPRESS the Larynx?

3

A

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

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4
Q

What are the Intrinsic Thyroid Muscles?

7

A

Cricothyroid

Posterior Crico-Arytenoid (PCA)

Lateral Crico-Arytenoid (LCA)

Transverse + Oblique Arytenoids

Aryepiglottic

Thryo-Arytenoid

Vocalis

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5
Q

What does the Cricothyroid connect?

A

Cricoid -> Thyroid

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6
Q

What does the PCA connect?

A

Cricoid -> Arytenoid

Posterior Crico-Arytenoid

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7
Q

What does the LCA connect?

A

Cricoid -> Arytenoid

Lateral Crico-Arytenoid

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8
Q

What do the Transverse + Oblique Arytenoids connect?

A

One Arytenoid to the other Arytenoid

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9
Q

What does the Aryepiglottic connect?

2

A

It is a continuation of the Oblique Arytenoid

It goes into the Aryepiglottic fold

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10
Q

What does the Thyro-Arytenoid connect?

A

Thyroid -> Arytenoid

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11
Q

What does the Vocalis connect?

A

Thyroid -> Arytenoids

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12
Q

Which Intrinsic Laryngeal muscles are innervated by the SUPERIOR Laryngeal Nerve?

A

Cricothyroid

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13
Q

Which Intrinsic Laryngeal muscles are innervated by the RECURRENT Laryngeal Nerve?

(6)

A

Posterior Crico-Arytenoid (PCA)

Lateral Crico-Arytenoid (LCA)

Transverse + Oblique Arytenoids

Aryepiglottic

Thryo-Arytenoid

Vocalis

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cricothyroid?

What does it do?

What kind of joint is it?

A

Changes pitch

Lengthens, tenses, and adducts

Tense

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15
Q

What is the function of the PCA?

A

ABDUCTS Vocal Folds

Posterior Crico-Arytenoid

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16
Q

What is the function of the LCA?

A

Adducts vocal folds

Lateral Crico-Arytenoid

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17
Q

What is the function of the Transverse + Oblique Arytenoids?

A

Adducts vocal folds

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18
Q

What is the function of the Aryepiglottic?

A

Adducts aryepiglottic folds

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19
Q

What is the function of the Thryo-Arytenoid?

A

Probably relaxes vocal folds

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20
Q

What is the function of the Vocalis?

A

Alters vocal fold in phonation

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21
Q

What do we call the membrane that connects the Hyoid + Thyroid Cartilages?

A

Thyro-Hyoid Membrane

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22
Q

What is the Quadrangular Membrane?

3

A

It covers the Thyroid and Arytenoid Cartilages all the way to the Epiglottis

It also covers the upper part of the Aryepiglottic folds

The inferior margin makes the Ventricular Folds (False Vocal Folds)

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23
Q

What is the name for the ligament that connects the Thyroid + Cricoid Cartilages?

A

Cricothyroid Ligament

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24
Q

What is the name for the ligament that connects the Epiglottis to the Thyroid Lamina?

A

Thyroepiglottic Ligament

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25
What is the name for the ligament that connects the Epiglottis to the Hyoid Bone?
Hyoepiglottic Ligament
26
What is the Conus Elastics? | 2
An elastic membrane that starts at the Cricoid Cartilage It connects to the inner surface of the Thyroid Cartilage and the Vocal Processes (Arytenoids)
27
What does the Cricothyroid Joint increase the distance between? (2)
Anterior Commissure (junction of the vocal folds) Vocal Processes
28
What muscles are associated with the Cricothyroid Joint?
Vertical + Oblique Cricothyroids
29
What is the Cricoarytenoid Joint?
Connects the Cricoid with the base of the Arytenoid
30
What does the Cricoarytenoid Joint do? | 4
Rotates Slides Tilts anteriorly + posteriorly Helps tense + relax vocal folds
31
What muscles are associated with the Cricoarytenoid Joint? | 5
PCA LCA Transverse + Oblique Arytenoids Thyro-Arytenoid Vocalis
32
What are the three folds in the Larynx?
Ary-Epiglottic Folds False Vocal Folds (Ventricular/Vestibular Folds) True Vocal Folds
33
What are the three REGIONS of the Larynx?
Supraglottal Glottal Subglottal
34
What are the two CAVITIES of the Larynx?
Laryngeal Vestibule (Between epiglottis + false vocal folds) Laryngeal Ventricle (Between true + false vocal folds)
35
What do we call the disorder when a speaker uses their false vocal folds more than the true ones?
Ventricular Dysphonia
36
What are the three layers of the Vocal Folds?
Cover (loosely packed) Transition Layer Body (tightly packed)
37
What is in the Cover of the Vocal Folds? | 2
Stratified Squamous Epithelium Superficial Lamina Propria (LP) / Reinke's Space
38
What is in the Transition Layer of the Vocal Folds? | 2
Middle Lamina Propria (LP) Deep Lamina Propria (LP)
39
What is in the Body of the Vocal Folds?
Vocalis
40
What is the Mucosal Wave? | 2
The compliant cover interacting with the more stiff Basement Membrane Zone The Transitional Layer balances this dichotomy
41
What innervates the Larynx? | 2
Vagus Nerve (X) Glossopharyngeal Nerve
42
The Vagus Nerve divides into 4 branches. Which are the three that supply the Larynx?
Pharyngeal Nerve Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)
43
What are the two branches of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)?
External Branch Internal Branch
44
Where does the INTERNAL Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve pass?
Through the Thyrohyoid membrane
45
Where does the EXTERNAL Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve pass?
Inferiorly with the Superior Thyroid Vessels
46
What innervates the Cricothyroid Muscle?
The External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)
47
What supplies most of the mucosa above the Glottis?
The Internal Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)
48
What are the three divisions of the Internal Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)?
First division Middle division Inferior division
49
What is another name for the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)?
Inferior Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)?
50
What is different about the two branches of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)?
The right loop is shorter because the left has to go around the aorta
51
What is unique about the Cricothyroid?
It is the only intrinsic laryngeal muscle not supplied by the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)
52
What is unique about the Posterior Crico-Arytenoid (PCA)?
It is the only muscle that abducts
53
What are three possible voice pathologies associated with nerve damage? (3)
Vocal Fold Paralysis Monotoneness Inability to increase loudness
54
What might be the effect of a lesion on the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)?
Trouble changing pitch due to malfunction of the Cricothyroid
55
Which branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN) is sensory?
The Internal Branch
56
What will a lesion on the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) cause? (2)
Trouble with abduction and adduction It will be more specific the further down the lesion is
57
What is Paralysis?
Complete loss of function
58
What is Paresis?
Partial loss of function
59
What is the Cover-Body Theory? | 2
The cover of the vocal folds is lax and the body is dense creating a difference in the vibratory properties of each This makes a vertical phase difference when vibrating = mucosal wave
60
What is the Myo-Elastic Aerodynamic Theory? | 3
When air reaches the vocal folds, the velocity decreases and air pressure increases The pressure overcomes the strength holding the VF together and they are blown apart. This reduces subglottal pressure and the VF's elasticity and the Bernoulli Effect cause the VF to adduct again
61
What is the Bernoulli Effect? | 2
An increase in velocity is always accompanied by an increase in pressure This creates areas of high and low pressure
62
What is the Vertical Phase Difference? | 2
Vocal folds open from superior to inferior aspects They close from inferior to superior
63
What is the Neurochronaxic Theory? | 2
That every vibration of the vocal fold is cause by a muscle contraction No accepted as a valid theory
64
How is vocal pitch modified?
By modifying the length, tension, and mass of the VF
65
What is the primary muscle that controls pitch?
Cricothyroid
66
What happens when the Cricothyroid contracts? | 3
The distance increases between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages This increases the tension and length of the VF which reduces mass per unit This causes the VF to vibrate at higher frequencies
67
What happens when the Thyroarytenoid contracts? | 2
Relaxes the VF by reducing their length This decreases the pitch
68
What are some other processes that affect pitch? | 3
Increased subglottal pressure Increased medial compression of the VF Increased glottal airflow
69
What affects loudness? | 3
Subglottal pressure Medial compression of the VF (stay closed longer) Duration, degree, + speed of VF closure
70
What increases subglottal pressure?
More air in the lungs creating a greater buildup
71
What affects vocal quality? | 2
Glottal source Resonance characteristics (Not as well understood)
72
What creates breathiness? Hoarseness? Vocal strain?
Incomplete glottal closure Aperiodicity or irregularities in the mucosal wave Subglottal muscle tension and possible involvement of the false VF

ECU Voice Disorders (23 decks)

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