02 - Anatomy & Physiology - Respiratory System Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
Study of structures
What is Physiology?
The study of how the structures function
What are the three most basic elements of the respiratory system?
Lungs
Ribcage
Diaphragm
What are the two basic characteristics of the lungs?
Made of Elastic Tissue
It inflates and deflates to move air
How many lobes are in the lungs?
Why is there a difference?
3 on the right lung
2 on the left
The heart is on the left
What happens when the diaphragm moves DOWN?
3
The lungs expand
Air pressure lowers
Air flows in
What happens when the diaphragm moves UP?
3
Lung volume decreases
Air pressure increases
Air flows outward
What is the Trachea?
What is its purpose?
A cartilaginous structure made of 16 rings
Allows air to pass from the nose/mouth into the lungs
On what ring of the trachea does the larynx sit?
Upper most ring
What are the Bronchi?
3
The two main branches leaving the trachea
One goes to each lunch
These branch into the secondary bronchi
What are the Bronchioles?
Where do they come from?
The smallest branches of the lungs
They stem from the secondary bronchi
What are the Alveoli?
The small sacks at the end of the bronchioles where the gas exchange occurs (O₂ -> CO₂)
How many pairs of ribs are there?
Which are the floating ribs?
12 pairs
11 + 12
What is the Diaphragm?
2
The major muscle of inspiration
Dome shaped position
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
What does this do?
It moves downward and flattens
Enlarges the chest cavity
What happens (ignoring the lungs) when the diaphragm moves downward?
The force is transferred to the lower ribs and moves then outward
What are the muscles of INSPIRATION?
2
External Intercostals
Diaphragm
What do the EXTERNAL Intercostals do?
Pull rib cage up and outward during inspiration
How are the EXTERNAL Intercostals positioned?
Downward and anteriorly
What do the INTERNAL Intercostals do?
Pull rib cage down during forced expiration
How are the INTERNAL Intercostals positioned?
Upward and anteriorly
Is the Abdominal Wall passive or active?
Both
What might cause the abdominal wall muscles contract?
Coughing
Sneezing
Voicing
What kind of membrane lines the lungs and the thoracic cavity?
What is it called?
A serous membrane
Pleura
What is the membrane called that covers the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
What is the membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic wall?
Parietal Pleura
What drives the movement of air in the lungs?
The pressue difference between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
What sort of pressure is needed for INSPIRATION?
Alveolar pressure must be LOWER than atmospheric pressure
What sort of pressure is needed for EXPIRATION?
Alveolar pressure must be GREATER than atmospheric pressure
What creates the PASSIVE force of the respiratory system?
2
The elastic properties of the lungs
The lungs are always trying to contract (become smaller)
What creates the ACTIVE force of the respiratory system?
The contraction of the respiratory muscles
Is INSPIRATION active or passive?
What does it require?
Active
The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostals
Is EXPIRATION active or passive?
What does it require?
Either
If it is active - contraction of the internal intercostals
What is the Tidal Volume?
The air that is moved during normal breathing
What is INSPIRATORY Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond that of the TV
What is the EXPIRATORY Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond that of the TV
What is the Residual Volume?
The amount of air that is left in the lungs after maximum exhalation
What is the Inspiratory Capacity?
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
All you can forcibly INHALE
What is the Functional Residual Capacity?
Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
All you can forcibly EXHALE
What is the Vital Capacity?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume
(Everything except Residual Volume)
What is Total Lung Capacity?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
(Everything)
