02_Fundamental_THEORIES

Question 1

New Urbanism

Answer 1

Urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types

Question 2

Neotraditional Design

Answer 2

Neotraditional neighborhoods are more compact communities designed to encourage bicycling and walking for short trips by providing destinations close to home and work, and by providing sidewalks and a pleasant environment for walking and biking.

Question 3

Deaths, Births, Migration, and Fertility rates are components of which population projection method?

Answer 3

Cohort Survival Method

Question 4

How does the Concentric Zone Theory differ from the other theories of urban development?

Answer 4

Invasion and succession

(developed by Earnest Burgess in 1925, finds that growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. For example, downtown office towers expanding into a warehouse district.)

Question 5

A New Urbanism community is built following these three main principals:

Answer 5

-form-based zoning
-transect-based code
-transit oriented development

Question 6

What is a location quotient?

Answer 6

compares the share of employment of an industry in a region to the national share

(If the share in the region is larger than the national share, the location quotient will be larger than 1, which suggests that the industry exports out of the region)

Question 7

Who is associated with “The City as a Growth Machine” Theory?

Answer 7

Logan and Molotch

Question 8

The idea of “Plural Planning” is associated with which planning theory?

Answer 8

Advocacy planning

Question 9

What is Resource Planning?

Answer 9

Approach to ensuring resources are used in the most effective way

Question 10

What is the Sector Theory?

Answer 10

-model of urban development

-proposed by Homer Hoyt

-sectors radiate out like pie shaped wedges from the central business district.

-stresses the role of transportation

-each sector represents a specific land use

Question 11

What is Smart Decline?

Answer 11

-strategy that can be used in shrinking cities to plan for decline.

-envisions city with:
~more green space
~reduced infrastructure
~revitalization of underutilized sites

Question 12

What is the Step Down Method?

Answer 12

-applies proportion

-uses the population of a larger entity (e.g., a city) to estimate the population of a smaller entity within it (e.g., a neighborhood)

Question 13

What is symptomatic estimation?

Answer 13

Calculates the population of an area based on number of housing units.

Question 14

What is linear projection?

Answer 14

-Straight time trend

-Average change over the past period will continue in the future.

Question 15

What is the basic template for SmartCode?

Answer 15

6 transect zones plus one special district

Question 16

What is an urban cluster?

Answer 16

-Densely settled territory with a minimum of 2,500 people but less than 50,000

-Population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile

-Added in the 2000 Census

Question 17

Urban design typically works at a __________ level.

Answer 17

district

Question 18

What is Variance in statistics?

Answer 18

-used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary

-measure of dispersion around the mean

(average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean)

Question 19

What is a Wicked Problem?

Answer 19

Problem that is difficult to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that can be difficult to understand.

(e.g. poverty is not the result of a single factor and there is not a simple or easily understood solution)

Question 20

What does the Law of Large Numbers say?

Answer 20

As the sample size increases, the sample mean will get close to the population mean.

Question 21

The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year?

Answer 21

Gross domestic product

Question 22

What is the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year plus income that residents have received from abroad, minus income claimed by nonresidents?

Answer 22

Gross national product

Question 23

A hypothesis test is designed to reject a {blank}, but never to accept the {blank}.

Answer 23

null hypothesis; alternative hypothesis

Question 24

What are the 5 steps of rational planning?

Answer 24

1. set a goal
2. develop alternatives
3. evaluate means against ends
4. consider costs and benefits
5. implement the best alternative.

Question 25

What major step is missing from rational planning that often causes it to be critiqued?

Answer 25

Discussing alternatives with stakeholders

Question 26

What is a triple bottom line?

Answer 26

profit, people, and the planet.

Question 27

What is the maximum population size that can be supported or sustained by a given environment?

Answer 27

Carrying Capacity

Question 28

What are the three elements of Susan Fainstein’s “Just City”?

Answer 28

-Democracy
-Diversity
-Equity

Question 29

What is normative theory?

Answer 29

how a city ought to be

Question 30

What did Kevin Lynch say about normative theory?

Answer 30

-underdeveloped
-“spindly and starved for light”

Question 31

What is the relationship between equity planning and advocacy planning?

Answer 31

They are inter-connected, although “equity planning” focuses on the under-served

Question 32

In sector theory, where is high-quality housing located?

Answer 32

Away from industry

Question 33

What is the “The Great Inversion”?

Answer 33

-Alan Ehrenhalt theory

-poorer, diverse suburbs surrounding wealthier central cities (opposite the conventional American narrative)