02_Fundamental_THEORIES Flashcards
New Urbanism
Urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types
Neotraditional Design
Neotraditional neighborhoods are more compact communities designed to encourage bicycling and walking for short trips by providing destinations close to home and work, and by providing sidewalks and a pleasant environment for walking and biking.
Deaths, Births, Migration, and Fertility rates are components of which population projection method?
Cohort Survival Method
How does the Concentric Zone Theory differ from the other theories of urban development?
Invasion and succession
(developed by Earnest Burgess in 1925, finds that growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. For example, downtown office towers expanding into a warehouse district.)
A New Urbanism community is built following these three main principals:
-form-based zoning
-transect-based code
-transit oriented development
What is a location quotient?
compares the share of employment of an industry in a region to the national share
(If the share in the region is larger than the national share, the location quotient will be larger than 1, which suggests that the industry exports out of the region)
Who is associated with “The City as a Growth Machine” Theory?
Logan and Molotch
The idea of “Plural Planning” is associated with which planning theory?
Advocacy planning
What is Resource Planning?
Approach to ensuring resources are used in the most effective way
What is the Sector Theory?
-model of urban development
-proposed by Homer Hoyt
-sectors radiate out like pie shaped wedges from the central business district.
-stresses the role of transportation
-each sector represents a specific land use
What is Smart Decline?
-strategy that can be used in shrinking cities to plan for decline.
-envisions city with:
~more green space
~reduced infrastructure
~revitalization of underutilized sites
What is the Step Down Method?
-applies proportion
-uses the population of a larger entity (e.g., a city) to estimate the population of a smaller entity within it (e.g., a neighborhood)
What is symptomatic estimation?
Calculates the population of an area based on number of housing units.
What is linear projection?
-Straight time trend
-Average change over the past period will continue in the future.
What is the basic template for SmartCode?
6 transect zones plus one special district
What is an urban cluster?
-Densely settled territory with a minimum of 2,500 people but less than 50,000
-Population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile
-Added in the 2000 Census
Urban design typically works at a __________ level.
district
What is Variance in statistics?
-used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary
-measure of dispersion around the mean
(average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean)
What is a Wicked Problem?
Problem that is difficult to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that can be difficult to understand.
(e.g. poverty is not the result of a single factor and there is not a simple or easily understood solution)
What does the Law of Large Numbers say?
As the sample size increases, the sample mean will get close to the population mean.
The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year?
Gross domestic product
What is the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year plus income that residents have received from abroad, minus income claimed by nonresidents?
Gross national product
A hypothesis test is designed to reject a {blank}, but never to accept the {blank}.
null hypothesis; alternative hypothesis
What are the 5 steps of rational planning?
- set a goal
- develop alternatives
- evaluate means against ends
- consider costs and benefits
- implement the best alternative.
What major step is missing from rational planning that often causes it to be critiqued?
Discussing alternatives with stakeholders
What is a triple bottom line?
profit, people, and the planet.
What is the maximum population size that can be supported or sustained by a given environment?
Carrying Capacity
What are the three elements of Susan Fainstein’s “Just City”?
-Democracy
-Diversity
-Equity
What is normative theory?
how a city ought to be
What did Kevin Lynch say about normative theory?
-underdeveloped
-“spindly and starved for light”
What is the relationship between equity planning and advocacy planning?
They are inter-connected, although “equity planning” focuses on the under-served
In sector theory, where is high-quality housing located?
Away from industry
What is the “The Great Inversion”?
-Alan Ehrenhalt theory
-poorer, diverse suburbs surrounding wealthier central cities (opposite the conventional American narrative)
