02_Fundamental_PEOPLE AND HISTORY Flashcards
Who said there is a need for “deliberate, abstract thought” devoted to what we mean by a good city?
Lawrence Haworth (author of The Good City, 1963)
Who wrote about carrying capacity to support a community in illustrating future growth?
Ian McHarg
What was Aristotle’s view on city planning?
Streets planned in a grid look nice but are not effective at deterring invaders. Streets that are less easily navigated promote security.
Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept proposes an ideal neighborhood that creates walkability and access. Which of the following best describes the size of the neighborhood unit?
5,000 - 9,000 residents
Which city was the first to adopt a comprehensive plan?
Cincinnati
What 2002 document by Stuart Meck, FAICP, provides state and local governments with tools for better growth?
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook
Who is considered the pioneer of urban planning because of his plan for a city of 50,000 that addressed administrative structure, social structure, and land subdivision?
Hippodamus of Miletus
What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do?
Allowed public lands to be sold for a nominal fee.
What program evolved out of efforts to implement planning requirements of the Housing Act of 1949 and became a signature program expanding local planning across the United States?
Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954
(provided funding for local comprehensive planning)
Which planned community built in 1923 foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement?
Mariemont, Ohio
In his term as Planning Director of the City of Cleveland, Norman Krumholz utilized which of the following planning theories?
Advocacy
What planner is associated with the idea of Transit Oriented Development?
Peter Calthorpe (founding member of the Congress for New Urbanism)
What are three reasons the 1909 Plan of Chicago was revolutionary in planning history?
-Initiated and paid for by private business owners.
-Addressed areas outside the central city.
-Citizens of the city were educated about the plan.
What were Greenbelt Towns?
Provided affordable housing for federal government workers
Who was the head of the United States Resettlement Administration?
Rex Tugman
Under what authority was the Resettlement Administration developed?
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
Name three Greenbelt Towns
-Greenbelt, MD
-Greenhills, OH
-Greendale, WI
Who was Saul Alinksy?
-Community organizer in Chicago
-Wrote Rules for Radicals as a guide for community organizers
What is Ebenezer Howard known for?
Garden Cities movement
When was he first National Conference on City Planning held?
1909
Which city had the first regional plan?
Chicago
Who is Kevin Lynch?
-He wrote Th Image of the City
-Described how people experience the city through paths and nodes
What act did the U.S. Department of Commerce pass in 1928?
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
What three cities are known for cross-jurisdictional planning?
-Portland, OR
-Columbus, OH
-Phoenix, AZ
Who is the Father of Zoning?
Edward Bassett
(wrote the NYC Zoning Ordinance in 1916)
What is the Southdale Center?
first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S.
(Designed by Victor Gruen in Edina, Minnesota)
Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?
Chicago
Which city was the first to pass a zoning ordinance?
San Francisco
(1867)
Which city adopted the first comprehensive zoning ordinance?
New York City
What is Pullman?
-A neighborhood on the south side of Chicago.
-Historic Pullman was a company town built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his railroad car company (Pullman Palace Car Company)
What prompted the rebellion in Pullman?
George Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay.
Who was repsonoisble for the 19th century recreation of Paris?
Georges-Eugene Haussmann
What was the official name of the 1944 G.I. Bill?
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.
Who was the first full-time planner for a United States city?
Harland Bartholomew
What is the national rate of homeownership?
65%
What is the HOPE VI program?
-Changed the way that HUD approached housing assistance for the poor
-Replaced severely distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed-income housing
-Provided housing vouchers for residents to seek housing on the private market
-Failed to address the many African Americans who continue to live in uninhabitable housing
What is the significance of Seaside, FL?
It is a neotraditional community built on the principles of new urbanism
What feature characterizes Columbia, Maryland?
a. Self contained villages and neighborhood clusters
b. Prior land assembly
c. Jobs-housing balance
(-1963
-Rouse Company
-14,000-acre master planned development)
What four elements describe T.J. Kent’s comprehensive plan in The Urban General Plan?
- Long range and general
- Adopted at one time with all elements integrated
- Focused on the physical development implications of socio-economic policies
- Identified as the City Council’s offical plan
How did federal housing policies in the 1940’s and 50’s undermine the ability of African American families to build wealth?
-Demolished integrated neighborhoods in order to create segregated public housing
-Development of the suburbs was federally subsidized on a condition that they be only sold to white families
-Suburban homes often had deeds that prohibited resale to African Americans
What are the top 3 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Citizen Control)
(8) Citizen Control
(7) Delegation
(6) Partnership
What are the middle 3 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Tokenism)
(5) Placation
(4) Consultation
(3) Informing
What are the bottom 2 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Nonparticipation)
(2) Therapy
(1) Manipulation
The US population has more than {blank} since 1950
doubled
Harland Bartholomew wrote a {blank} for {blank}
comprehensive plan; St. Louis
What is Satisficing?
decision-making strategy where individuals only search for possible solutions until they find an acceptable option.
Who introduced the concept of Satisficing?
Herbert Simon
What is one of the key reasons for an increase in homelessness since the 1990s?
Federal repeal and cuts to programs that assist the poor
The average American house size has more than {blank} since the 1950s
doubled
Which agency exemplifies the regionalism movement of Geddes?
Tennessee Valley Authority
What was Pruitt-Igoe?
-Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments, known together as Pruitt–Igoe
-joint urban housing projects
-1954
-St. Louis
-33 eleven-story high rises, designed in the modernist architectural style
Who was the first African-American to serve in the US Cabinet (head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development)?
Robert Weaver
(1966 to 1968, under Johnson)
What is the Vieux Carré?
-The New Orleans French Quarter
-oldest section of the City
-National Historic Landmark
Women hold {blank} percent of Fortune 500 CEO roles
7.4
MacMillian Committee
-1901
-headed by Daniel Burnham
-charged with resurrecting L’Enfant’s plan for Washington D.C.
{blank} has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately {blank} of the land area
Detroit; 27%
Who designed Columbia, Maryland?
James Rouse
What is Peter Drucker associated with?
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Who was the father of the modern housing code?
Lawrence Veiller
What was the Village of Mariemont?
-John Nolen
-Based on Garden City principles.
-One of the earliest Garden Cities to be designed with the automobile in mind.
Kevin Lynch made the argument that there are 3 types of planning theories:
-theories that are used to predict things
-theories about decision making
-normative theory
What could reasonably be described as the largest single act of national planning in our history?
Land Ordinance of 1785
What was the Morrill Act?
-1862
-Congress passed
-Authorized that proceeds from the sale of land were to be used to found colleges offering agriculture, engineering, etc.
-Basis of land-grant colleges.
The Wheeler-Howard Act restored {blank} to Native Americans in order to create an economic foundation for residents.
land management
What is another name for the Indian Reorganization Act?
Wheeler-Howard Act
What was the goal of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act?
-decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs
-increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
What agency is the primary builder of federal dams in the western US, such as Hoover Dam?
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
What is the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)?
Federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior.
-oversees water resource management related to irrigation, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation in the western US.
The {blank} of 1948 was amended in 1972 and became known as the Clean Water Act.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Why was the Water Quality Act of 1965 adopted?
to ensure the quality of surface and groundwater.
The {blank}, adopted in {blank}, is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.
Clean Water Act; 1972
{blank} was Cleveland planner Norman Krumholz’s preferred term for advocacy planning
equity planning
What are the core values of planning?
- democratic engagement
- diversity
- equity and social justice
- healthy and prosperous communities
- public interest
- sustainability
- transparency
