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AICP Prep - Mine > 02_Fundamental_PEOPLE AND HISTORY > Flashcards

02_Fundamental_PEOPLE AND HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

Who said there is a need for “deliberate, abstract thought” devoted to what we mean by a good city?

A

Lawrence Haworth (author of The Good City, 1963)

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2
Q

Who wrote about carrying capacity to support a community in illustrating future growth?

A

Ian McHarg

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3
Q

What was Aristotle’s view on city planning?

A

Streets planned in a grid look nice but are not effective at deterring invaders. Streets that are less easily navigated promote security.

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4
Q

Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept proposes an ideal neighborhood that creates walkability and access. Which of the following best describes the size of the neighborhood unit?

A

5,000 - 9,000 residents

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5
Q

Which city was the first to adopt a comprehensive plan?

A

Cincinnati

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6
Q

What 2002 document by Stuart Meck, FAICP, provides state and local governments with tools for better growth?

A

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook

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7
Q

Who is considered the pioneer of urban planning because of his plan for a city of 50,000 that addressed administrative structure, social structure, and land subdivision?

A

Hippodamus of Miletus

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8
Q

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do?

A

Allowed public lands to be sold for a nominal fee.

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9
Q

What program evolved out of efforts to implement planning requirements of the Housing Act of 1949 and became a signature program expanding local planning across the United States?

A

Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954

(provided funding for local comprehensive planning)

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10
Q

Which planned community built in 1923 foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement?

A

Mariemont, Ohio

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11
Q

In his term as Planning Director of the City of Cleveland, Norman Krumholz utilized which of the following planning theories?

A

Advocacy

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12
Q

What planner is associated with the idea of Transit Oriented Development?

A

Peter Calthorpe (founding member of the Congress for New Urbanism)

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13
Q

What are three reasons the 1909 Plan of Chicago was revolutionary in planning history?

A

-Initiated and paid for by private business owners.

-Addressed areas outside the central city.

-Citizens of the city were educated about the plan.

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14
Q

What were Greenbelt Towns?

A

Provided affordable housing for federal government workers

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15
Q

Who was the head of the United States Resettlement Administration?

A

Rex Tugman

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16
Q

Under what authority was the Resettlement Administration developed?

A

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

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17
Q

Name three Greenbelt Towns

A

-Greenbelt, MD

-Greenhills, OH

-Greendale, WI

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18
Q

Who was Saul Alinksy?

A

-Community organizer in Chicago

-Wrote Rules for Radicals as a guide for community organizers

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19
Q

What is Ebenezer Howard known for?

A

Garden Cities movement

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20
Q

When was he first National Conference on City Planning held?

A

1909

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21
Q

Which city had the first regional plan?

A

Chicago

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22
Q

Who is Kevin Lynch?

A

-He wrote Th Image of the City

-Described how people experience the city through paths and nodes

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23
Q

What act did the U.S. Department of Commerce pass in 1928?

A

Standard City Planning Enabling Act

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24
Q

What three cities are known for cross-jurisdictional planning?

A

-Portland, OR

-Columbus, OH

-Phoenix, AZ

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25
Q

Who is the Father of Zoning?

A

Edward Bassett

(wrote the NYC Zoning Ordinance in 1916)

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26
Q

What is the Southdale Center?

A

first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S.

(Designed by Victor Gruen in Edina, Minnesota)

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27
Q

Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?

A

Chicago

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28
Q

Which city was the first to pass a zoning ordinance?

A

San Francisco

(1867)

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29
Q

Which city adopted the first comprehensive zoning ordinance?

A

New York City

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30
Q

What is Pullman?

A

-A neighborhood on the south side of Chicago.

-Historic Pullman was a company town built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his railroad car company (Pullman Palace Car Company)

31
Q

What prompted the rebellion in Pullman?

A

George Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay.

32
Q

Who was repsonoisble for the 19th century recreation of Paris?

A

Georges-Eugene Haussmann

33
Q

What was the official name of the 1944 G.I. Bill?

A

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.

34
Q

Who was the first full-time planner for a United States city?

A

Harland Bartholomew

35
Q

What is the national rate of homeownership?

A

65%

36
Q

What is the HOPE VI program?

A

-Changed the way that HUD approached housing assistance for the poor

-Replaced severely distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed-income housing

-Provided housing vouchers for residents to seek housing on the private market

-Failed to address the many African Americans who continue to live in uninhabitable housing

37
Q

What is the significance of Seaside, FL?

A

It is a neotraditional community built on the principles of new urbanism

38
Q

What feature characterizes Columbia, Maryland?

A

a. Self contained villages and neighborhood clusters

b. Prior land assembly

c. Jobs-housing balance

(-1963
-Rouse Company
-14,000-acre master planned development)

39
Q

What four elements describe T.J. Kent’s comprehensive plan in The Urban General Plan?

A
  1. Long range and general
  2. Adopted at one time with all elements integrated
  3. Focused on the physical development implications of socio-economic policies
  4. Identified as the City Council’s offical plan
40
Q

How did federal housing policies in the 1940’s and 50’s undermine the ability of African American families to build wealth?

A

-Demolished integrated neighborhoods in order to create segregated public housing

-Development of the suburbs was federally subsidized on a condition that they be only sold to white families

-Suburban homes often had deeds that prohibited resale to African Americans

41
Q

What are the top 3 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Citizen Control)

A

(8) Citizen Control
(7) Delegation
(6) Partnership

42
Q

What are the middle 3 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Tokenism)

A

(5) Placation
(4) Consultation
(3) Informing

43
Q

What are the bottom 2 rungs of Arnstein’s ladder? (Nonparticipation)

A

(2) Therapy
(1) Manipulation

44
Q

The US population has more than {blank} since 1950

A

doubled

45
Q

Harland Bartholomew wrote a {blank} for {blank}

A

comprehensive plan; St. Louis

46
Q

What is Satisficing?

A

decision-making strategy where individuals only search for possible solutions until they find an acceptable option.

47
Q

Who introduced the concept of Satisficing?

A

Herbert Simon

48
Q

What is one of the key reasons for an increase in homelessness since the 1990s?

A

Federal repeal and cuts to programs that assist the poor

49
Q

The average American house size has more than {blank} since the 1950s

A

doubled

50
Q

Which agency exemplifies the regionalism movement of Geddes?

A

Tennessee Valley Authority

51
Q

What was Pruitt-Igoe?

A

-Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments, known together as Pruitt–Igoe

-joint urban housing projects

-1954

-St. Louis

-33 eleven-story high rises, designed in the modernist architectural style

52
Q

Who was the first African-American to serve in the US Cabinet (head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development)?

A

Robert Weaver

(1966 to 1968, under Johnson)

53
Q

What is the Vieux Carré?

A

-The New Orleans French Quarter

-oldest section of the City

-National Historic Landmark

54
Q

Women hold {blank} percent of Fortune 500 CEO roles

A

7.4

55
Q

MacMillian Committee

A

-1901

-headed by Daniel Burnham

-charged with resurrecting L’Enfant’s plan for Washington D.C.

56
Q

{blank} has approximately 70,000 vacant lots making up approximately {blank} of the land area

A

Detroit; 27%

57
Q

Who designed Columbia, Maryland?

A

James Rouse

58
Q

What is Peter Drucker associated with?

A

Management by Objectives (MBO)

59
Q

Who was the father of the modern housing code?

A

Lawrence Veiller

60
Q

What was the Village of Mariemont?

A

-John Nolen

-Based on Garden City principles.

-One of the earliest Garden Cities to be designed with the automobile in mind.

61
Q

Kevin Lynch made the argument that there are 3 types of planning theories:

A

-theories that are used to predict things
-theories about decision making
-normative theory

62
Q

What could reasonably be described as the largest single act of national planning in our history?

A

Land Ordinance of 1785

63
Q

What was the Morrill Act?

A

-1862

-Congress passed

-Authorized that proceeds from the sale of land were to be used to found colleges offering agriculture, engineering, etc.

-Basis of land-grant colleges.

64
Q

The Wheeler-Howard Act restored {blank} to Native Americans in order to create an economic foundation for residents.

A

land management

65
Q

What is another name for the Indian Reorganization Act?

A

Wheeler-Howard Act

66
Q

What was the goal of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act?

A

-decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs

-increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.

67
Q

What agency is the primary builder of federal dams in the western US, such as Hoover Dam?

A

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

68
Q

What is the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)?

A

Federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior.

-oversees water resource management related to irrigation, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation in the western US.

69
Q

The {blank} of 1948 was amended in 1972 and became known as the Clean Water Act.

A

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

70
Q

Why was the Water Quality Act of 1965 adopted?

A

to ensure the quality of surface and groundwater.

71
Q

The {blank}, adopted in {blank}, is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.

A

Clean Water Act; 1972

72
Q

{blank} was Cleveland planner Norman Krumholz’s preferred term for advocacy planning

A

equity planning

73
Q

What are the core values of planning?

A
  1. democratic engagement
  2. diversity
  3. equity and social justice
  4. healthy and prosperous communities
  5. public interest
  6. sustainability
  7. transparency

AICP Prep - Mine (14 decks)

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