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004 - Neuropharmacology > 004 - Injectable anesthetics > Flashcards

004 - Injectable anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Barbiturates are weak acids or bases?

A

acids

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2
Q

Barbiturates inhibit what tissues?

A

Nerve, heart, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

in order of greatest to least

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3
Q

Barbiturates (injectable anesthetic) with the Highest lipid solubility:

A

Ultra-short-acting

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4
Q

Barbiturates (injectable anesthetic) with the Lowest partition coefficient

A

Long-acting

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5
Q

Barbiturates (injectable anesthetic) with the Highest plasma protein binding

A

Ultrashort-acting

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6
Q

Barbiturates (injectable anesthetic) that is the best displacer of other drugs, increasing their action?

A

Ultrashort-acting

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7
Q

Excretion contributes to duration of action for this Barbiturate (injectable anesthetic)?

A

Long-acting

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8
Q

Redistribution determines duration of action for this Barbiturate (injectable anesthetic)?

A

Ultrashort-acting

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9
Q

epeated doses of which increases their duration for this Barbiturate (injectable anesthetic)?

A

Ultrashort-acting

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10
Q

What do repeated doses of ketamine do to duration of action or change in efficacy?

A

Decrease their efficacy (can gain tolerance i.e. “tachyphlaxis.” After a while, animal no longer anesthesized at same dose)

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11
Q

To enhance the excretion of phenobarbitol, what would you use?

A

Alkylinize Urine

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12
Q

Causes tolerance due to induction of liver enzymes?

A

Phenobarbitol (in liver, pharmo-kinetic tolerance

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13
Q

Which has the greatest changes produced to tolerance acceptance produced in the brain (ultra-short, short or long acting barbiturates)?

A

Ultrashort-acting (pharmaco-dynamic;in brain. ultra short acting best at this.)

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14
Q

At anesthetic doses barbiturates inhibit what body drive?

A

Barbiturates at Anesthetic Doses Inhibit Sensitivity to PCO2 (resp drive)

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15
Q

What gas are you less sensitive to at a lethal dose of Barbiturates (in regards to respiration)?

A

Barbiturates at Lethal Doses Cause The Body to be Least Sensitive to PO2 (body reaction is less sensitive to)

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16
Q

Anesthetics that cause excitation in greatest amount of species

A

Ketamine

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17
Q

Which has more of a respiratory depressant (ketamine or pentabarb)?

A

Pentabarb

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18
Q

Of the two, ketamine or pentabarb, which one is more likely to cause apnea after an i.v. injection?

A

Pentabarb (any type of an a barbituate will have more resp depression than ketamine)

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19
Q

Produce most salivation; ketamine or pentabarb?

A

Ketamine (propofol)

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20
Q

Most skeletal muscle relaxation (ketamine or pentabarb)?

A

Pentobarbital

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21
Q

Most analgesia (ketamine or pentabarb)?

A

Ketamin (barbs have no analgesia at all)

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22
Q

Most spares muscle tone (ketamine or pentabarb)?

A

Ketamine

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23
Q

Affect of ketmaine on bp

A

increase (animal could bleed out if trauma)

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24
Q

affect of pentabarb on bp

A

Pentabarb reduces blood pressure

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25
Q

Withdrawal of which barbiturate can cause a seizure (long, short, ultra-short)?

A

All 3
especially ultra short acting
(ultra-short have greatest effect in brain)
(long acting have biggest effect in liver)

26
Q

What condition/s might an animal have that might require you to increase the dose of pentabarbitol?

A

Epileptic condition or ongoing seizure

27
Q

What does barbiturates have on the g.i. tract during and after surgery (same, different, etc)?

A
  • Decrease in motility during surgery (smooth muscle relaxation all along the gut, you get a stasis)
  • increase in motility after surgery (spasms, vomitting. Acts like a withdrawal effect)
28
Q

a continuous i.v. infusion/drip of _____ would cause anesthesia?

A

Propofol

29
Q

Which anesthetic compound is most likely to cause hallucinations?

A

Ketamine

30
Q

Which anesthetic compound is most likely to cause a burning sensation when injected i.m. (but may not cause tissue damage)?

A

Ketamine

31
Q

Anesthetic Compound that is Contraindicated in animals with history of seizure?

A

Ketamine

32
Q

What do repeated doses of ketamine do to duration of action or change in efficacy?

A

Decrease their efficacy (can gain tolerance i.e. “tachyphlaxis.” After a while, animal no longer anesthesized at same dose)

33
Q

Contraindicated in cases of head injury?

A

Ketamine

34
Q

Tachyphlaxis develops to which anesthetic compound?

A

Ketamine

35
Q

Which is the safest i.v. anesthetic with less of a decrease bp effect (but problem with causing steroid synthesis decrease/adrenal difficiency)?

A

Etomidate

36
Q

With inhalant anesthetics, how is the ED50 expressed?

A

Expressed as MAC value, not ED50

37
Q

What are the units for the new ED50 value expressed in for inhalant anesthetics?

A

Given in Volume % (total volume of gas being administered to patient through the machine)

38
Q

Inhalants have a high/low therapeutic ratio?

A

Low

39
Q

What is the general MAC value for anesthetics i.e. what MAC value will most likely cause anesthesia?

A

In general about 1.5-2x MAC value

40
Q

The anesthetic potency produced by inhalant gases is caused by what characteristic of a gas?

A

Oil:Gas partition coefficient (i.e. lipophilic)

41
Q

Rate of induction and recovery by inhalant gases depends on?

A

Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient (hydrophilicity of compound since blood is aqueous)

42
Q

A high lipophilicity gives a gas what characteristic?

A

Means that Gas will be more potent

43
Q

A high hydrophilicity gives a gas what characteristic?

A

Means that the gas will have a slow onset/termination of action (onset/termination mirror each other)

44
Q

Term for: When one gas helps draw in another?

A

Second Gas Effect

45
Q

What gas can you use to draw another gas into the body

A

Nitrous oxide (also has very mild analgesic property, so could be used for that as well)

46
Q

Most gases delivered are lost by what route?

A

Delivered and Expelled through the Lungs

47
Q

Gases are absorbed in what body tissue the longest?

A

Adipose tissue (not only inhalant anesthetics. Also true for barbiturates)

48
Q

If you metabolize a drug, is it highly blood soluble or low solubilty?

A

Metabolism is associated with a high solubility

49
Q

The “Most Potent” anesthetics have a high or low MAC value?

A

Low

50
Q

Isoflourane is not metabolized because of…..

A

Its low blood solubility

51
Q

Isoflourane is especially useful for what type of patients?

A

Birds
History of seizures
Critically ill

52
Q

Sevoflourine is metabolized, but not toxic. Why?

A

Low tissue solubility (still metabolized, but does not get into tissues)

53
Q

Methoxyflourane is no longer used due to what problem?

A

Nephrotoxicity

54
Q

To what degree is Methoxyflourane metabolized?

A

High (50%) metabolism

55
Q

Sevoflourane is unstable (compared to Isoflourene) so it requires…..

A

A Preservative (Isoflourane is stable without preservatives)

56
Q

Sevoflourane produces what effect better than some of the other compounds?

A

Skeletal Muscle Relaxation

but not very potent across the board for other effects

57
Q

Isoflourane and Sevoflourane have a unique effect on animals that have a genetic trait that will lead them to a pathological situation. What is this effect and pathological situation?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

Both effect Temperature in the patient

58
Q

Nitrous Oxide used alone as an anesthetic would require you to……

A

You would have to have the patient under pressure to allow it to work or it would Decrease the amount of oxygen intake in the patient

59
Q

If you use Nitrous Oxide and don’t allow the animal to recover gradually, what could happen?

A

Diffusion Hypoxia (goes in so fast and comes out so fast that it does not allow oxygen to go back through the airways)

60
Q

Nitrous Oxide used for extended periods (hours) of time would cause what type of pathology?

A 
Accumulation in different pockets of the body
Polyneuropathy syndrome (long term and painful nerve damage)

004 - Neuropharmacology (11 decks)

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