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Zune2-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetic discrimination ?

A
  1. Genetic discrimination (GD) is understood to be differential treatment of those not showing symptoms but who are nevertheless treated differently on the basis of any real or assumed genetic characteristics.
  2. Treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have a gene characteristics that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder.
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2
Q

Why needs law against genetic discrimination ?

A

1.Discrimination in health insurance and employment against individuals based on their genetic disposition or genetic heritage, in the absence of appropriate genetic testing and laying down of intelligible differentia, is unconstitutional.
ForExample,
Denied jobs or being fired because a parent had Huntington’s disease, or the worker had a BRCA1 gene that predisposed her to breast and ovarian cancer.
2.International examples
U.S., the Genetic Information Non discrimination Act (GINA)
-Strong protection against access to genetic information and genetic discrimination in the context of health insurance and employment.
-Prohibits insurers from requesting or requiring genetic tests
-Using genetic information of family tree
-Law helps advance genetic science, which cannot conduct research without people willing to undergo testing with the promise that their genes cannot be used against them

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3
Q

How genetic discrimination can affect India ?

A

1.Health insurance is still at a nascent stage and out of pocket expenditure is high. With genetic discrimination clauses the people would lose trust in the insurance sector.

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4
Q

How effective are the genetic tests ?

A
  1. Geneticists are not in agreement on the usefulness of genetic tests
    - Very few single-gene health problems like Huntington’s disease exist and the vast array of common diseases is related to the functioning of networks of genes in the milieu of other central cellular components.
    - Popular notion of deoxyribonucleic acid (otherwise known as DNA) being the central and only player in cellular and genetic information and disease is deeply flawed.
    - Genes contain DNA
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5
Q

What should be the nature of Law against genetic discrimination in India ?

A
  1. Indian law is a critically important development for privacy protection similar to Canada’s anti genetic discrimination law.
  2. Ensure fundamental rights of equality are not violated
  3. Strict provisions are needed against making genetic testing mandatory for health insurance and employment
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6
Q

Why state legislatures are not functioning well ?

A
  1. Most state legislatures do not have such permanent standing committees
    - Refer Bills to ad hoc Select Committees for examination. However, it is not obligatory to refer a Bill to a Committee, before its consideration and passing.
  2. Technical support available to parliamentary committees and state legislature committees is very limited
  3. Mandate of the article 174(1) of the constitution seems to have been misused by many states, which legally allows them to meet for as few as two sessions in a year
  4. Lack of accountability
    - Legislative debates in the state assemblies are difficult to access, unlike at the Centre.
    - Gujarat and West Bengal don’t have legislative debates on their assembly websites
  5. Several state legislatures passed their budgets without extensive debate or scrutiny.
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7
Q

Why functioning of state legislatures is crucial ?

A
  1. Seventh Schedule of the Indian constitution lists 66 subjects under the State List, where only the state assemblies can exercise their legislative power
  2. Economic prerogatives
    - Greater devolution of central taxes
  3. Tasked with approving the budget
  4. Significant legislative reforms in some concurrent areas such as land acquisition, labor and taxation are being carried out at the state level
    - 2014, Rajasthan passed amendments to three central labor laws, including the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and Factories Act, 1948.
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8
Q

What is first-past-the post system (FPTP) ?

A

-Elected based on the number of votes received by each candidate. The person passing other candidates in votes wins, regardless of party.

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9
Q

What is Proportional Representation (PR) system ?

A

-MPs and MLAs would be selected from a list provided by political parties, based on the proportion of votes received by each party

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10
Q

What are the advantages of Proportional Representation (PR) system ?

A
  1. Presence in the legislatures according to their vote share instead of being wiped out completely even after getting a sizable vote share
    - 2014 elections even with the third largest vote share of 20%, one party got zero seats i.e. BSP (Do not write name)
  2. Representatives may be elected by a minority of votes, but their party grabs the majority of seats in the legislature
    - 31% of the vote but a thumping majority in Parliament i.e. BJP
  3. Would allow for representation of minorities and smaller parties in the legislatures which are not represented adequately now.
  4. Bring the nation closer and will complete the total integration of India
    - End to extreme regionalism and divisive caste and communal politics
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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of Proportional Representation ?

A

-Growth of smaller parties with gradual regionalisation
-Affirmative action in form of reservation for SC/STs has ensured desirable outcomes without above problem
-Geographically small areas like NE states, Goa, HP and UK due to small number of votes may not get representation in PR system
-MP or MLA not represent specific constituency to which he belongs. Chosen by list provided by parties.
-Threat to democracy
as
1. Division politics
2.Less responsive to people’s needs
3.Strengthen party bosses as to be in the list they woo bosses
-Poor governance -Since they get guaranteed representation, they would pay little interest in forming coalitions. Difficult to take bold decisions.
-PR is a recipe for instability as seen by current deadlock in Nepal which adopted PR system.

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12
Q

Explain German model of democracy ?

A
  • Due to underlying problems with FPTP and PR systems, Mixed model.
  • Half PR and Half FPTP
  • Every Voter casts two votes - One for candidate in the Constituency and other for party
  • Its parliament therefore has 299 constituencies & 598 seats.
  • 299 for FPTP and 299 for PR
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13
Q

Why German model of democracy is suitable for India ?

A

-Accommodates direct elected candidates to constituencies as well as Proportional representation of political parties

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14
Q

What are the concerns of adopting German model of democracy for India ?

A
  • At least 5% vote share or 3 seats among 299 led to choice of voters who voted such candidates will gets ignored.
  • Adopting model means halving the constituencies (Not possible as already ratio is disproportionate) or doubling LS
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15
Q

How to go with German model of democracy in India ?

A

-Increasing strength of LS i.e. 1/3 rd of its current strength

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16
Q

What is the Background of Right to Dignified death in India ?

A
  • Santhara (Jainism), Samadhi (Hinduism)
  • Recent SC judgement, Legal sanction to passive Euthanasia & execution of living will of person being in chronic terminal diseases and likely to go in permanent vegetative state.
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17
Q

What is SC judgement related to right to dignified death ?

A

Passive Euthanasia recognised in Aruna Shanbaug Case, 2011

  • Do Family members has right over other’s life.
  • At that time, Central govt. argued with Advance directive and its misused.
  • Recent SC judgement added the principle of ‘Living Will’ or Advance Directive
  • Invoked Art 142 (deals with Enforcement of decrees and orders for doing complete justice in any matter ) to grant legal status to advance directives
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18
Q

With respect to Passive Euthanasia, What is Advance directive ?

A

-Person being in competitive state of mind leaves written instructions on sort of medical instructions may/may not be administered when reached Permanent Vegetative State

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19
Q

Write about Art 142 of Indian Constitution ?

A

-Inherent power of SC to issue decree or orders which will upheld until Parliament enacts legislation on the matter.

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20
Q

What are the differences between Active and Passive Euthanasia ?

A
  • Passive Euthanasia involves withdrawal of life support or discontinued of medical treatment to let the person die in natural course.
  • Active Euthanasia involves use of lethal substance to end life.
  • SC legalized passive euthanasia but has not passed any judgement on active euthanasia.
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21
Q

Analyse Right to dignified death in light of recent SC judgement ?

A
  • FR Art 21 Right to life with dignity enlisted in the constitution. SC upheld the dignity of terminally ill patient or one with permanent vegetative state with no hope of recovery. Therefore , Reducing suffering period i.e.Right to live with dignity.
  • Autonomy - All adults have autonomy even to refuse medical treatment and not required any outside supervision.
  • Burdening dying patient with prolong treatment with advanced medical technology would be destructive to patient dignity
  • Importance to Consent as Living will
  • SC accorded liberty, dignity, autonomy and privacy as it laid down procedural guidelines governing advance directive of living will
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22
Q

What are the implications of SC judgement with respect to Right to dignified death ?

A
  • Living will from patient to stop medical treatment helps in removing regret or guilt for relatives, reduce their pain, expenses and prevents criminal action against doctor
  • Relief financially, legally and emotionally
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23
Q

What are the concerns related to SC judgement with respect to Right to dignified death ?

A

-It must be decided by a team of domain experts otherwise in India there are chances of it being misused much more than it being used. Already Included in SC Directive.

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24
Q

What your view on Living will mentioned in SC judgement with respect to Right to dignified death ?

A
  • A living will makes sense if coupled with a medical power of attorney and independent third party monitoring.
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25
Q

Both India and France are eager to forge a deeper nautical partnership between them. What are the mutual benefits ?

A
  1. Secure Critical sea lanes, Combat piracy and terrorism by building security capacities in Indian Ocean.
  2. Expansion of the Indian Navy’s operational footprint across the Indo-Pacific region.
    - France is the only European power with a strong military presence in both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
  3. French naval vessels access to Indian ports for repair and resupply, and Indian vessels the right to routinely use France’s Indian Ocean military bases like Djibouti where china has a base.
  4. French facilities likely to add to India’s network of nautical outposts in the IOR, including in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Seychelles, where India plan to build and operate military base.
  5. Rafale aircraft and Scorpene submarines (Project-75)
  6. Partnership with the French navy in littoral South-East Asia would allow Indian Navy to influence the security-dynamic of the Pacific, even extending operations to the Southern Pacific Islands.
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26
Q

Why regulating school fees is difficult ?

A
  • Intersection of constitutionally protected freedoms enjoyed by private schools and need for making quality education accessible and affordable.
  • Art 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions, Thus making fees as internal affairs
  • SC judgement did not clear terms “Surplus”,”Reasonable Surplus” or “Commercialization of education”
  • Measures adopted by states to regulate fees affected by
    1. Weak Implementation
    2. Lack of capacity -For eg Audit
    3. Constant legal challenges by private school associations
    4. Nexus between politicians as some has their own educational institutions
  • Existing legislation does not address deeper problems i.e.financial management and accounting practices adopted by private schools
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27
Q

Why Important to regulate School fees ?

A
  • Skyrocketing tuition fees has confronted parents with annual steep rise
  • Vulnerable sections are left without quality education
  • 2010, CAG slammed 25 private schools in Delhi as Fees collected under false heads while teachers underpaid and accounts misrepresented
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28
Q

What approach needs to be followed to place a check of fees hike by schools ?

A
  • Address financial mismanagement and misreporting
    1. Modern School vs UOI(2004) SC recommends accounting standards for private schools
  • Government supervised audits
  • Generating capacity in state-level departments of education
  • Regular Inspections
  • Stricter sanctions for fraudulent reporting
  • Improving quality of education in government schools
29
Q

Why India should strive for new order in the world ?

A
  • recently concluded ASEAN-India Summit questioned benefits of China’s model of new order and U.S.commitment to existing order and considered India as balancing factor
  • China’s aggressive approach with respect to South China sea, Belt and road initiative slowly involving in the economic domains of multiple countries is leading to countries feeling insecure.
  • US approach of protectionism, pulling out of important agreements like Paris accord, TPP,Mexican wall and hard approach towards immigrants is raising concerns
  • India had experience in leadership by playing a significant role in multiple forums like SAARC,BRICS, ASEAN etc.
  • Global equitable sustainable development, which is the basis of the ISA (International Solar Alliance), suggests ‘third’ way to the inequality and environmental damage criticizing current U.S. and China-led models
    1. vision follows from India’s call for climate justice, which re-frames climate change as a social and not a physical problem.
  • India with its non alignment policy, nuclear policy has gained enormous trust from countries all over the world
30
Q

To set new world order, what are the Nature and priorities for India ?

A

-India must emerged as global economic structure operating within global ecological limits, and as a cyber global power
-focus on good relations with both China and US rather than confronting approach
-Balance relations with China Why?
India and China have together been questioning the injustice of current global rules
1.BRICS Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
2.China launched Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank of which India the second largest shareholder
3.RCEP-(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership)dominated by China and India, avoids rules on labour, environment and intellectual property rights espoused by the U.S., the European Union, and Japan.
Redefining what is ‘Fair’
-Emerging clash in the United Nations, World Trade Organisation, and the climate treaty with the U.S.
- India needs to strengthen the development indices
1.health
2.poverty
3.literacy
-Collaboration with China & Japan for Indian Ocean-centric rules of engagement.
-balance between being a part of the Quad and partnering with Russia and China
-strengthen the relations with diverse groupings and strengthen regional cooperation

31
Q

India and France relations ?

A
  • strategic partnership in 1998

- Both believe that new world order must be genuine multi-polar

32
Q

Strategic convergences between India and France ?

A

Geopolitical
-Aim at countering China’s growing presence in Indian Ocean
-For India engagement in Indo-pacific region, France crucial
Environment & Climate change
-International solar alliance
-Joint ventures on climate change are response to U.S. abdicating its role by announcing its pullout from Paris accord
Defence
-reciprocal logistics support agreement
1. India and France feel the need to diversify strategic postures beyond their current choices- Russia & US
-Rafale aircraft and Scorpene submarines (Project-75)
1. reliable record of production and supply by France
-New phase of cooperation in space security focussed on the maritime domain
-economic and strategic sense for India to partner with France in more futuristic projects such as a fifth-generation combat aircraft or an armed drone
Maritime security
-Shared maritime vision
1.safety of international sea lanes for unimpeded commerce and communications in accordance with international law
2.Promote sustainable blue economy
-nautical pact with France for India is a potential expansion of the Indian Navy’s operational footprint across the Indo-Pacific region
Political and international
-By bringing 61 countries into the ISA(International Solar Alliance), India and France are proposing an alternative leadership model for the less developed world.
-France has been constantly supportive of India, particularly so for a permanent seat for India in the UN Security Council,
Economic
-Both the countries declared they would ensure cheaper solar energy and increase avenues for financing
-France supported India’s nuclear programme, helped mitigate the effects of post-Pokhran sanctions as well as negotiated the civil nuclear deal with the US.
Military
-France in contrast to US, Britain, Russia has made a clear choice in favour of India over the alliance with Pakistan military.

33
Q

Concerns over India-France relations ?

A
  • Negotiations between India and France for the Jaitapur plant have made very slow progress.
    1. committed to start construction by end-2018
  • Bilateral cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region is more symbolic than substantive today, and much will depend on how closely the Indian and French navies and intelligence work together in the future.
  • France’s parallel commitment to the Belt and Road Initiative with China.
34
Q

Way ahead for India France relations ?

A
  • India’s naval leadership would be keen to expand the scope beyond Indo-French bilateral naval exercise VARUNA.
    1. Partnership with the French navy in littoral South-East Asia would allow the Indian Navy to influence the security-dynamic of the Pacific, even extending operations to the Southern Pacific Islands.
  • Arianespace of France has been the major provider of launch services to Indian geo-Stationary satellites. Further space cooperation need to be explored in maritime security
35
Q

What are the benefits of Ayushman Bharat- National Heath Protection Scheme ?

A
  • Comprehensive Primary health care with HWCs (Health and Wellness centres) - 1.5 lakhs to be created by 2022
    1. Path of prevention and healthy India
  • Rs 5 lakh per family per year for hospitalisation in secondary & tertiary care
    1. Since many state governments already had such schemes, additional beneficiaries can be enrolled
  • In-patient health care (cashless & nationally portable) accessible with choice (public & private) to poor and lower middle class
  • Turning point of health sector i.e. increase in investments and jobs
  • Replace RSBY i.e. Rs 30,000 annually with Rs 5 lakhs
36
Q

What are the challenges with implementation of Ayushman Bharat- National Heath Protection Scheme ?

A
  • It did not reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (Fees & daycare) i.e. health induced poverty
    1. Not covering outpatient care which is largest fraction of out-of-pocket expenditure
  • Universal health insurance through private hospitals has not worked for the poor
    1. Worked for corporates
  • Doubts casts by earlier programme failures i.e.RSBY
    1. RSBY targets 5.9 crore but enroll 3.6 crore while NHPS targets 10 crore
37
Q

What is the way ahead to overcome challenges of Ayushman Bharat -National Health Protection Scheme ?

A
  • Strengthen Public healthcare

- regulation of private healthcare

38
Q

What are the reasons behind poor performance of Indians in sporting events such as Olympics ?

A
  • Lack of proper health, education, public information & physical connectness
    1. Effective participating population get lost
  • Backseat for sports as studies high priority for Indians
  • Lack of Infrastructure
    1. Sports Universities
    2. Playgrounds & Equipments
  • Corruption, Favoritism and Nepotism
39
Q

What are the objectives of National Sports University bill ?

A
  • R&D in Sport Science
  • Strengthen Training programmes
  • Building Sports Academics i.e. Bachelor & Masters
  • Trained at international level for talents
40
Q

What are the salient features of National Sports University bill ?

A
  • High standard of infrastructure for the development of sports sciences and the training of athletes.
    1. Can establish outlying campuses within and outside India
    2. Training to sports officials, referees and umpires and evolve as centres of excellence in various disciplines.
  • Authorities under University namely three
    1. Court
  • review policies and programmes
    2. Executive Council
  • principal executive body
    3. Academic & Activity Council
  • general supervision over academic policies
  • MOUs signed with two Australian universities
  • Proposed to be established within period of two financial years with effect from 2017-18 to 2018-19
  • Land granted by Government of Manipur free of cost
  • Chancellor to be appointed by centre i.e. sportsperson or sports administrator or sports academician
  • Term 5 years and not reappointment
41
Q

What are the importance of National Sports University bill ?

A
  • First effort to establish sports university on national scale
  • Fill void of sports knowledge and education
  • Enables the NE India into sports mainstream
    1. National Sports University in Manipur
42
Q

What are the concerns related to National Sports University bill ?

A
  • How to integrate with existing national sports governance and administrative framework i.e.
    1. IOA
    2. SAI
    3. Various National Sports Institutes
43
Q

Did the Constitution mark a moment of discontinuity with the colonial past, and a desire to transform Indian political and social structures? Or was it simply a transfer of political power and a change of rulers, leaving underlying institutional arrangements intact? Discuss.

A

Background
-Its a living document as After so many societal changes, Constitution continues to work because
1.Flexible
2.Open to Intrepretations
Political Structures
-Universal Suffrage
1.Before Independence franchise GOI 1919 & 1935 restricted
2.Transformation from subjects to citizens
3.Transformation from subordination to equality
-Flexible
1.In 2017 SC held important limits on scope of ordinances which it comprehended and was not in PreIndependence era.
-Unlike West, Women allowed to contest and vote immediately
-FRs & DPs.
-3 tier government
1.73rd & 74th AA 1992 -Local self government in rural/urban areas
-Republic India i.e. Any Citizen (Brahmins as well as Dalits)
Social Structures
-Right to Equality i.e. Untouchability as crime
-Democratic Socialism i.e. not state socialism i.e. Socialism won through voting
-Secular
-Right to freedom of speech & expression

However Underlying Institutional arrangements were intact
-2/3rd Constitution - GOI Act 1935
-Ordinance & Emergency powers
-Law of sedition, blasphemy and criminal defamation
-Section 377 IPC
I.e. All these reduce citizens to subjects and mercy of Centralized power

44
Q

Is the Quadrilateral arrangement involving Australia, India, Japan and the U.S a viable and strong arrangement to take on China? Critically examine

A

Background
-Rise of China not only because of economy and military modernization but also due to lack of multinational coalition
Quad “Strong & Viable”
-Soft Power
1.Quad members undertaking connectivity projects
Asia Africa Freedom Corridor (Indo-Japan) linking SE Asia & Africa
-Having US, Chance of Indo-Pacific Collaboration
-Military/Connectivity corridors
-All four have differences with China and to avoid overlapping due to individual strategy, Its better to work in coalition
Concerns
-India only oppose BRI
-Still objective not clear
1.Maritime Security
2.Connectivity
3.Countering China’s move or combination of all three
-Experts opined that India dragging itself in US-China rivalry
-Differences Within
1.US accused Japan for Unfair trade practices
2.Trade negotiations at WTO India opposed to US, Japan &Australia
-Still dependent on China
1.Imports Chinese goods
2.China holds more than trillion dollars in in treasury bonds in US
3.China is Australia biggest trading partner Australian Iron ore & Dairy products
Conclusion
-Quad at best can be pressure group for China to adherence to rule based regime

45
Q

The health insurance in India suffers from many lacunae. In the light of the basic right to health of citizens that flows from Article 21 of the Constitution, critically analyse problems plaguing India’s health insurance sector and measures needed to fix these problems.

A

Background
-Being Unhealthy and its related costs is one of the big cause for rural indebtedness
-Universal Health Insurance is must
Problems with Health Insurance
-Plethora of exclusions in fine prints
-Under NFHS-4, Only 29% households are covered
-Lacks regulation of costs
1.RSBY- Private hospitals engaged in malpractices and therefore already 5 states had withdrawn.
2.Shoots up prices putting non-insured population at disadvantage.
-General Insurers dealing with non-life insurance markets do not have expertise in administering health insurance
-Malpractices impacted the development of the sector
-Infringes individual rights to choose service provider
-Confidential issues related to privacy of medical records
-Large monopolies of health corporate and therefore Insurers can not negotiate terms of contract.
-Claims rejected due to minor technical glitches leading to disputes
Measures
-Quality public health infrastructure
-Regulation
1.Costs
2.Policy terms like renewal guarantee, age for entry and pre-existing conditions must be uniformly covered
3.Micro Insurance Schemes
-Tailor made policies for LIG
-modest benefits with modest premiums

-Data banks to secure medical records
-Mapping of disease burden across geographical locations and recommends standard treatment guidelines
-Evolve criteria to define target groups
-Covered Indirect costs in health insurance
-Standardized rules for different types of health insurances available
-Evolve different financing options based on global experiences
-Removal of Unreasonable exclusionary clauses like Genetic disorders
1.DELHI High Court held that Genetic disorders are not acceptable
-Capacity building of all stakeholders
Conclusion
-Success depends on
1.Design
2.Implementation
3.Monitoring

46
Q

The primary role of police forces is to uphold and enforce laws, investigate crimes and ensure security for people in the country. Analyse key issues that affect functioning of police in India and reforms needed to address these issues.

A

Issues
-overburdened
1.Work continuously 14-16 hrs for 7 days a week
-police infrastructure
1.vehicles, weaponry
2.POLNET network is non-functional in various states.
-Political influence
1.2nd ARC noted political influence
-Police accountability
1.unwarranted arrests, unlawful searches, torture and custodial rapes
-Poor quality of investigation
1.understaffed and overburdened
2.insufficient legal knowledge and the forensic and cyber infrastructure
3.Political Influence
Measures
-Directions of the Supreme Court in Prakash Singh vs Union of India
1. Centre and states to set up authorities to lay down guidelines for police functioning, evaluate police performance, decide postings and transfers, and receive complaints of police misconduct.
2.minimum tenure of service
3.scope of the political executive must be limited under law
-Independent Complaints Authority
1. 2nd ARC and Supreme Court observed that there is need to have independent complaints authority to inquire into cases of police misconduct.
-2nd ARC recommended that to reduce burden of police forces is to outsource or redistribute some non-core police functions (such as traffic management, disaster rescue and relief, and issuing of court summons) to government departments or private agencies
-Padmanabhaiah commission
1.police force should receive training in soft skills as they need to deal with public regularly.
-Interaction between Police & Community
1.Janamaithri Suraksha in Kerala-better understanding between the police and local communities. For example, Constables are required to know one family member of every family living in his area.

47
Q

Discuss critically features and shortcomings of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill 2018.

A

Background
-In wake of several high profile industrialists like Vijay Mallya, and PNB Fraud case
Fugitive economic offender
-Person with arrest warrant issued in respect of scheduled offence and left India to avoid criminal prosecution, or refuses to return to India to face criminal prosecution
Features
-confiscate and sell all assets including benami assets, both within and outside country, of declared economic offenders.who have fled the country
-apply for economic offences in excess of ₹100 crore
- Overriding effect over all other pieces of legislation
Merits
-Strong deterrent
-Somewhat recovery of damaged NPAs
Demerits
-absolute ban is contrary to the basic tenets of justice and fair play before being heard accused
1.Sale of property without adjudicating after a proper trial
-Assets confiscated by enforcement agencies and courts termed as distressed properties, and seldom find buyers
1. Sahara’s Amby Valley
-Empowers any court to dis entitle any person from defending any civil action if declared fugitive economic offender is seen as draconian
Way Ahead
-bill should provide for time limits for disposal and encashment of property
1. valuation loss over period of time must be disposed quickly
2.key managerial persons can be declared fugitives i.e. dealing with siphoning off of funds, round-tripping, and employing any scheme that cause loss.

48
Q

It is often argued that brain drain is loss to the origin country. However, new research shows that migration and resultant diaspora connections can be very important sources of brain gain. Examine how the Indian diaspora helps India in brain gain.

A

Background
-Most high-skilled migrants have come from China and India in Silicon Valley
brain gain
-global exchange in networked world: trade, foreign direct investment, finance, knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship, cultural norms and political views
-matching talent with right job
-Difficulty in obtaining long-term work visas and slow economic growth of developed countries helping India in terms of brain gain. For ex-IT sector
concerns
-large pay gap between origin& destination
-Push factors like corruption, reservations, lack of infrastructure, lack of investment and lots of legal hurdles are making it difficult to reap the benefits of brain gain
-Still emigration is high
Measures
-Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA) Faculty Scheme

49
Q

For RBI, the framework for the exercise of powers in private sector banks is different from the one for public sector banks. Critically examine what issues this dual control over banks gives rise to? Does this make RBI toothless? Comment.

A

Background
-NPAs, Scams unearthed recently questioned role of RBI
RBI powers are different for public sector banks and private sector banks
-While RBI has absolute authority over the supervision of private sector banks, does not have same power over PSBs like PNB
Concerns
-Government control
1.Significant operational control that finance ministry exercises bypassing the board
for example
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is operationally guided by the ministry and bypasses the board-directed strategy for PSBs
-Banking Regulation (BR) Act of 1949
1.Section of this act vests power to remove directors and management does not apply to public sector banks. This means management of PSBs pays heed to instructions from the government than from the RBI
2.RBI has authority to supersede bank board if it finds any misconduct.Another section in the Banking regulation Act says that this does not apply to PSBs.
3.PSBs do not need license from RBI under Section 21 of the BR Act. So RBI cannot revoke such a license and maintain order in the financial system. The section applies to private sector banks.
4.Does not have power to trigger liquidation of PSBs. This action is taken when banks go bankrupt or collapse
-Cannot force merger
1.In event of financial crisis,Unlike private sector RBI cannot force merger in case of PSBs but has to be initiated by government
-Government’s ownership of PSBs is creating difficulties for enforcing corporate governance in public sector banks
RBI is still not tooth less
-Not only does RBI have regulatory oversight, it has board and sub-committee presence in each public sector bank.
1.has board position in each public sector bank.
2.Representative is on the management committee, selection committee, audit committee, committee of directors and remuneration committee
-powers to remove non-official directors appointed by Union governments as well as shareholder directors if they do not fulfill fit-and-proper criteria under Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act.In the same act, It has powers to appoint an additional director.
Way forward
-P.J. Nayak committee recommendations
-Legal reforms needed to empower RBI to fully exercise same responsibilities over state-owned banks to those that apply to private banks and ensure level playing field
-WB suggested
1.Revising incentive structure of PSBs to align more closely with their commercial performance
2.Opening up of the sector for greater competition

50
Q

Critically examine examine how much the MGNREGA and its website have gained after the introduction of Digital India.

A

Background
-Lists of job card, recording the demand for work, every muster roll (work attendance sheets), payment process every aspect is digitized and is online in real time
How NREGA and its website benefitted because of digital India
-Opening up the entire programme to strict public vigilance and monitoring
-To ensure that NREGA workers receive wages on time, National Electronic Fund Management System (NeFMS) has been put in place through AADHAR enhance transparency and reduce leakages
-Digitization of all processes in MGNREGA right from worker registering demand for work, to work allotment, to finally getting wages for completed works.
Concerns
-‘workers’ tab on MGNREGA website being dysfunctional
-Decreased transparency
1.trace the account where the money has gone remains mystery
2. “reasons” for arbitrarily rejecting payment
3.Data on unemployment allowances
-Error in recording number of days they have worked
Way forward
- Website is very rich in content being poorly organised and presented
1.Needs alteration along lines of disclosure mandated under the Right to Information Act

51
Q

In legislative parlance, what does “guillotine” mean? Why and when is it used in the Indian context? Do you consider its frequent use goes against the spirit of the constitution? Comment.

A

Background
-Discourse & debate until around 1970 of utmost quality
Guillotine and when is it used
-Guillotine” means to bunch together and fast-track the passage of financial business. It is common procedural exercise in Lok Sabha during Budget Session.
1.Demands not been voted on by last day are ‘guillotined’, i.e. voted upon together, without discussion.
2.Nearly 90% of Demands are not discussed every year
3.Guillotine to be applied is not preceded by any motion
Guillotine’s frequent use goes against the spirit of constitution because
-Finance & Appropriation Bill is very important bill
-Stalemate in Parliament helps government with excuse
Way forward
-Act in national interest and try to observe traditions and conventions of Parliament

52
Q

Examine the key objectives of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the challenges it faces today.

A

Background
-Kickstart By Modi & Macron with HQ at Gurugram
-121 countries that lie between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
Objectives
-Mobilise more than $1 trillion of investments by 2030
-Global deployment of over 1,000GW
-affordable rates
-Reducing costs
-Enhancing energy security
Challenges
-funding
-cost of solar installations been decreasing worldwide, it still remains high in many of ISA countries
1.Africa stuck with low-tech options, despite their significantly larger solar potential.
-Increase risks for developers and investors
1.tougher after the United States backed out from the Paris climate agreement.
1.Africa
-Insufficient R&D
Way forward
-collaborative, cross-country Research and development
-Risk mitigation fund is welcome step
-multi-country foreign exchange hedging facility as currencies are not pegged to internationally traded currencies to reduce costs
-reduce exposure to risk by investing in bankable portfolios across several markets
Conclusion
-Augment India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement and allow it to take leadership role in the developing world.

53
Q

What are the structural problems that the Indian federalism faces today? What are the consequences of these problems? Has time come to allow each state to have its own model of governance, bureaucracy and local governments? Comment.

A

Background
-Constitution chose federalism
1.Allow State/local government while simultaneously stopping Balkanisation
Federalism in India
-Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union & States
-Seventh Schedule contains three lists such as Union List, State List, and Concurrent List
-Independent Judiciary
Structural problems in Indian federalism
-Article 200 (reservation of State Bills by the Governor for consideration of the President)
-Emergency provisions under Article 352, 356 and 360
-Compulsory compliance by States with executive directions of Centre under Article 256 and 257
-governor as head of state with discretionary powers
-all-India services
1. protected by Article 311
-Planning Commission
-Frequent dismissal of elected state governments
1. between 1977 - 1980
2.President’s Rule in Arunachal Pradesh in 2016
-excessive discretion of Union in resource transfers
-division of their geographical territory
1.Creation of Telengana
-rigid, uniform political model imposed on all states
Yes, more autonomy to state governments necessary
-Corrections done in second phase i.e. greater devolution of funds, SR Bommai case , third phase of federalism is necessary
-one-size-fits-all model cannot deliver
-Need more flexible federalism
1.No imposition of uniform structure, electoral system, and bureaucratic apparatus on states and local governments. eg-Canada & Britain
Conclusion
-allow each state to have its own model of governance, bureaucracy and local governments, but with firm safeguards to preserve national unity, separation of powers, fundamental rights and democratic accountability.

54
Q

What are the features of National Nutrition strategy announced in 2017. Does excess emphasis on sanitation help to address India’s malnutrition problem. Critically comment

A

Intro
-Malnourished health is against human rights
Features
-Launch National Nutrition mission equivalent to National health mission
1.Its integration-Women & Child development, health, food & PDS, Sanitation, drinking water
-Decentralized approach for flexibility at state/district/local levels
-Proposed interventions
1.breastfeeding for first 6 months
2.Universal access to childcare(ICDS)
3.Bi-annual supplements- Iron & Folic acid tablets, de-worming -9 months to 5 years
4.Maternal care -Supplements,counselling,Screening of severe anemia i.e. pre-natal care. Also post-natal care /Institutional deliveries
5.Targets sets for 2030
Strategy
-Convergence of ICDS/NHM/Swach Bharat
-Focus on Vulnerable groups
-Service delivery models based on evidence of impact
Linkage of Sanitation
-Diarrhea deseases
-Sanitation professionals- for change in behaviours
-But excessive emphasis not adequate
Measures
-ICDS
-NHM including RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, New born, Child & Adolescent health)
-Swach Bharat
-Midday meals
-Targeted PDS
-National food security
-NREGS
-NRLM
Niti Ayog View
-Governance reform - Convergence
-Lead by example-Kuposhan Mukt states/ district/ panchayats
-Focus on vulnerables
-Continuum of care across life cycle - prevention/curative care
-Innovative service models based on evidence of impact/ripple effect
-Community based monitoring

55
Q

Discuss the salient features and significance of the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill of 2018 .

A

Background
-no specific law so far to deal with this crime
Features
-Addresses issue of trafficking w.r.t. prevention, rescue and rehabilitation
-Aggravated forms of trafficking for
1.forced labor,
2.begging,
3.trafficking by administering chemical substance or hormones for purpose of early sexual maturity, 4.trafficking of woman or child for purpose of marriage
-Punishment for facilitating trafficking of persons i.e. fake certificates, clearance from government agencies etc.
1.Punishment ranges from rigorous minimum 10 years to life and fine not less than Rs. 1 lakh in cases of “aggravated” crimes
-to break organized nexus, Bill provides for attachment & forfeiture of property
-confidentiality of victims/ witnesses and complainants
-Time bound trial and repatriation of the victims
1. period of one year from taking into cognizance.
-Rehabilitation
1.interim relief immediately within 30 days to address their physical, mental trauma etc. and further appropriate relief within 60 days from date of filing of charge sheet.
2.Rehabilitation Fund created for the first time
-Institutional mechanism
1. dedicated institutional mechanisms at District, State and Central Level
2.Designated courts in each district for speedy trial of cases
3. National Investigation Agency (NIA) will perform tasks of Anti-Trafficking Bureau at national level under the MHA.
4.NIA will receive financial aid under Nirbhaya fund for safety of women in order to set up cell for investigating human trafficking
-addresses the transnational nature of the crime
1.National Anti-Trafficking Bureau under national investigation agency will perform international coordination with authorities in foreign countries and international organizations
Significance
-invisible crimes affecting most vulnerable persons especially women and children
-addresses issue of trafficking from point of view of prevention, rescue and rehabilitation
-Setting up of one or more special homes in each district for purpose of providing long-term institutional support-another feature of Bill
-holistic view and aims to prevent trafficking for forced labor, beggary and organ transplant, among many others.
- time-bound trial and repatriation of victims
-seizing of property located in foreign lands
- gender-neutral and covers transgender persons.
-Bill takes note of the fact that India has ratified United Nations Convention on Transnational Organised Crime
-It doesn’t criminalize victims, but instead provides them with shelter, compensation, and counselling
Concerns
-National investigation agency is an understaffed organisation
-does not harmonize different approaches and integrate existing laws into one.
1.Assertion that bill covers ‘new’ forms of trafficking that are not addressed under existing laws is not completely true.
Measures
-need to be passed
-Need for systemic reforms
1.To counter distress migration
2.End caste-based discrimination
3.Enforce the rural employment guarantee legislation
4.Protect migrants mobility and rights.
-Victims of trafficking, especially children, need safe social and economic rehabilitation
1.Education is must
-Awareness
1.Schools and parents must make children aware of dangers of trafficking and prepare them to recognize and tackle it.
Conclusion
-first step in measures which are bold and holistic response and can help India realize SDG.

56
Q

Recently, a firm known as Cambridge Analytica, harvested the data of 50 million Facebook users and used that information to manipulate outcome of elections in the US. What are the issues involved in this episode of harvesting user data? What lessons does this offer to regulators and governments, especially for India? Analyse.

A

Background
-Misuse of information of Facebook users by data mining and analytics by firm Cambridge Analytica
Issues
-provide intimate psychological profile including ideological preferences which further use for manupulation
-Data theft without consent
-often share data without being aware or understanding
implications of privacy terms and conditions.
-no institutional checks on fake news
-scope for external or foreign influence in democratic processes
Lessons to be learned by regulators, governments
-legal framework for data protection
1.trustworthy global destination for data-based businesses and privacy-conscious consumers while protecting Right to Privacy
-stringent regulations around election campaigning.
-right to privacy judgment, SC held
1.privacy protections that limit state intrusion and data protection laws should shield individuals rather than commercial interests or technological innovation.
-repeat audits every year
-International agreements
1.India must join Budapest Convention on Cyber Crime
-Among users, Cyber hygiene awareness i.e. security facets of one’s profile
-right to have their data destroyed.

57
Q

Personal data cannot be the new oil. Comment.

A

Background
-“black gold” is no longer the world’s most valuable resource it’s been surpassed by data.
Why Personal data is considered as the new oil
-five biggest tech firms Google, Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Microsoft enjoys monopoly that Standard Oil, enjoyed in the early 20th century
-Just as global powers have battled for control of oil resources and oil trading routes, so latter-day nation states are conspiring to control the data and cyber networks
-collecting information about every aspect of people’s lives, behavior and decision-making giving tremendous power
-Based on price of data and amount of money being made by big companies by reselling data, it’s certainly comparable to oil
-Big data threatens the old order
1. Uber is now more valuable than many traditional carmakers, even though it does not make cars.
strong arguments that personal data is not the new oil
-Data can also be re-used
-Who controls the commodity
1.very few people really clear idea about digital footprint they have left online.
2. use and abuse of personal data online – for instance, by foreign powers trying to influence elections
-Data industry is much faster to evolve than the oil industry was & regulation would be quite complex
Way forward
-right to anonymity
-Cyber hygiene
-Justice Shah emphasis
1. informed and individual consent of users for purpose before collection of their personal data.
2. UI should be interactive rather than just T&C
-Join Budapest convention

58
Q

PM recently constituted economic advisory council (PMEAC) to provide sound policy advice in key areas such as reviving economic growth and enabling conditions for gainful employment. Do you think PMEAC needed when NITI Ayog and Office of Chief economic advisor (CEA) are fully functional with similar policy agendas . Discuss

A

Intro
-NITI Ayog - National Institution for Transforming India
1.It replaced Planning commission following top-down model
2. Involves state governments and follows bottom Up approach i.e. Co-operative fedralism
3.Expert advice
-CEA
1.Economic adviser to GOI
2.Controls Indian Economic Service cadre
3. Under FM
4.ex-post facto analysis through economic surveys to predict opportunities/challenges
-Apart from two, GOI received policy suggestions from various stakeholders such as Bureaucrats, Industry, Consumer groups, think tanks, Academia, media experts & others
Why PMEAC
-All stakeholders represents particular groups i.e. central government, state government, foreign investors, domestic industry, consumers & others
-PMEAC will understands the inter-linkages & follows holistic approach
-Chairman/member secretary - associated with NITI Aayog in old capacity bring synergy between the two
Conclusion
-Unique opportunity not to be missed.

59
Q

Discuss steps taken by SC to reform Collegium system. Do you think measures are adequate.What more reforms are needed to address concerns regarding collegium system ?

A

Intro
-Rely on three judgments collectively called Three judges case
a.1981(1st Judge case) i.e. CJI opinion not binding on executive but executive can depart only in exceptional cases and such cases comes under judicial review
b.1993(2nd Judge case) i.e. Collegium system -CJI opinion(Primacy) + Senior judges
c.1998(3rd Judge case) i.e. CJI & 4 senior most judges
1.It evolved judicial independence
2.Created Collegium system since Second judges case 1993
3.However, did not mention word “Collegium”anywhere
-SC quashed Amendment to create National Judicial Appointment commission
-Recently, It agreed on implementation of memorandum of procedure (MOP) for appointments, uploading Collegium decisions on website etc.
Appreciable but not sufficient
-Collegium deliberations to be publicly available
-Annual reporting of vacancies, appointments, candidates interviewed etc.
-Since above require administrative & logistical capacity, secretariat could be established
Conclusion
-Institutions to be effective must change with times

60
Q

Opacity in political financing, fear of party fragmentation, dynasty succession and lack of intraparty democracy are all mutually reinforcing variables . Analyse

A

Opacity in political funding
-2013, CIC held political parties to be under RTI
Fear of Party fragmentation
-due to this fear, they centralize power and became less efficient/democratic/dynamic
Dynasty Succession
-Recent Harvard study in India, Constituencies grow slower
-Philippines- more than 60% of dynastic clans & created problems in development
Intra-party Democracy
-1999, Law Commission of India - Political parties can’t be dictatorship internally

61
Q

What is ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF) ? Discuss its benefits and GOI policy on RUTF ?

A

Intro
-Dietary supplements
-Mixture of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins & minerals
-Mainly 4 ingredients i.e. Sugar, Dried Skimmed milk, Oil & Vitamins/Mineral supplements
-Used for emergency feeding/supplements malnourished children/elderly
Benefits
-Recommended by WHO for Uncomplicated forms of severe acute malnutrition
-Quite successful in Africa
-Efficient for elderly as incapable to digest regular foods
Drawbacks
-Not cost effective as seen in MH/RJ (Rs 25/day)
-Concerns that it might replace nutritional best practices/family foods/eating habits/breastfeeding
Conclusion
-Local solutions rather than RUTF

62
Q

There is an urgent need to adopt right based approach by all stakeholders in seeking arrangements for safe and orderly migration to prevent exploitation of migrants and refugees. Discuss

A 
Intro
Refugee
-forced to cross national boundary due to being terrified
Migrant
-from source to destination for work, education, marriage etc. They are the willing travellers
Problems
-Human rights violations
-Child labor
-Mental/Physical torture
-Sexual exploitation
-Violence related trauma
Solutions
-Need Right based approach
Rights/Obligation for refugees
-Right to return
-Right to non-refoulement i.e.not to return to place of persecution
-Right to family reunification i.e. recognized reason for immigration in many countries like divided families has right to get reunited
-Right to travel i.e. issuing travel documents to refugees 
-Restriction of onward movement i.e. should not be discouraged from leaving safe refugee place if found another favorable place
Measures
-Combat Xenophobia & racism
-Promote integration
1.Labor market access & mobility
2.Citizenship
3.Social cohesion with local population
-Border management
1.Human rights obligations
2.Principle of non-refoulement
3.Trafficking
-Exploitation
1.Laws for child labor, domestic work
-Train all stakeholders to find hot spots & crackdown
1.public officials
2.law enforcement officers
3.victims
4.public transport officials
-Co-ordinate among UN agencies, International organisations, host countries, Civil society organisations
63
Q

What are the aptitudes, capabilities, skills and qualities that university teacher/researcher particularly in domain of humanities/social sciences needs to cultivate and is National Eligibility Test (NET) in tune with its spirit. Critically examine

A

Intro
NET
-Eligibility for college/university level lectureship and awards for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) on behalf of UGC by CBSE
Teachers/Researchers must have
-Good communicator with analytical/subjective knowledge for vibrant classroom interactions
-Invite young ones with world of ideas
-Open dialogue to encourage students to cherish ambiguities
-Encourage students to rethink what appears to be “correct”
Problems with NET
-Objective
-Quiz Master
Conclusion
-Not about whether Gandhi/Ambedkar was wrong rather “Modernist” Ambedkar engagement with Buddhism and eventual realization that abolition of caste requires spiritual transformation bringing him closer to spiritual Gandhi

64
Q

India accounts for highest TB incidence & mortality globally.How can India combat TB effectively. Discuss

A

Intro
-WHO, Highest TB incidence
Strategies
-Prevention
1.Vaccination
2.Education
3.Reporting
-GOI 1997 started Revised National TB control programme (RNTCP)
1.Uses GOI recommended Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS)
2.Concerns -No track of timely dosages & awareness about DOTS
-New formulations For example- ITD
-Implementing WHO End TB strategy 2030 i.e.
1.80% drop in new TB cases
2.90% drop in deaths
3.100% family affected costs savings
-Civil society & NGOs like TB association of India
GOI steps
-DOTS
-XPERT i.e. Molecular test for detecting TB bacteria & testing resistance to Rifampicin
-RNTCP
-Mission Indradhanush i.e. full immunization up to 2 years & pregnant women. Target-Diptheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, poliomyelitis, TB, measles, Hepatitis B
-Nikshay i.e. web based portal to monitor TB patients under RNTCP. It also provides SMS services to communicate with patients
-90-90-90 strategy i.e. achieve 90-90-90 targets by 2035.
1.Taken inspiration from UNAIDS 2020 programme i.e. 90% people know HIV status, 90% infected receive ART, 90% infected already receiving ART have viral suppression.
2.Similar, 90% reduction in
a.Incidence
b.Mortality
c. Catastrophic health expenditure by 2035
Conclusion
-On track with respect to eradication
-34% increase in reporting in private sector
-Domestic funding greater than foreign funding. Therefore, Need to mobilize more foreign funding

65
Q

BIMSTEC is desirable alternative to SAARC and extra feather to India’s Act east policy. Analyse

A

Background
-Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral technical & economic cooperation
-Bridge between South Asia & SE Asia
-All major except Maldives, Afghanistan & Pak
Alternative to SAARC
-Link South & SE Asia
-Pak reluctance to co-operate in SAARC
1.Motor Vehicle Agreement
2.India proposed Satellite project
3.Security Co-operation
-Trade reached 6% while among SAARC still 5%
Extra feather to Act East policy
-Enhanced connectivity
1. Kaladan Multi-model project linking India & Myanmar
2.Asian Trilateral Highway linking India & Thailand via Myanmar
3. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India & Nepal (BBIN) pact for movement of goods/vehicles
-In sync with ASEAN Agenda
-Greater role for India into Asia-Pacific through Act east policy
-Development of NE states by opening up with Bangladesh & Myanmar
Concerns
-Infrequency of BIMSTEC summits i.e. only thrice in last 20 years existence
-Delay in adoption of FTA which was agreed in 2004
-Permanent secretariat in Dhaka- resource crunch-money/hr
Way forward
-FTA, Mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, Coastal shipping agreement, Movement of vehicular traffic
-Consistent summits
-Improve capacity of summits
-To be platform for dispute resolution
-Output oriented approach
Conclusion
-BIMSTEC provides Unique opportunity to SAARC to connect with ASEAN

66
Q

Public broadcaster Prasar Bharati turn down the resolution moved by union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to appoint serving IAS to its board. Why

A

Background
-against Prasar Bharati act 1990 and in fringes autonomy
PB act 1990
-board must consist of
1.chairman
2.CEO
3.two whole time members for finance and personal
4.6 part time members
5.heads of Doordarshan and All India Radio
6.one representative from information and broadcasting ministry
-There is no provision of serving bureaucrat on the board
appointment
-President of India appoints on the Recommendation of selection committee headed by Vice President of India with chairman of Press Council of India and nominee of the president
-ministry does not have direct role in appointment
Prasar Bharati
-came into existence in 1997
- it’s a public both broadcaster and includes AIR and Doordarshan
way forward
-Post emergency, Broadcast autonomy committee presented blueprint for autonomy of public broadcaster
-needs independent professionals and financial self Reliance
- A must to become genuine public broadcaster rather than government broadcaster

67
Q

India recently join Ashagabat agreement which instituted in 2011. discuss significance for India

A

background
-International multi-modal rail road and ports transport and transit corridor between Central Asia and Persian Gulf
-enhance connectivity with Eurasian region and synchronize with other Regional Transport corridor especially INSTC
significance
-India has been involved in co-development of chabahar port, it will become vital and shortest land route to Central Asia
-facilitate trade and commercial transactions within Eurasian region
-Central Asia region rich in high value minerals such as uranium copper Titanium yellow Phosphorus extra
-Address integration process under Eurasian economic Union(EUEA) and SCO in viable ways
- reorientation from sea routes to land trans-Continental routes
-Afghanistan dependence on Pakistan will reduce i.e. Indian goods through chabahar port to give access to Afghanistan and Central Asia
INSTC
- from Moscow to Mumbai through Iran by chabahar port
challenges
-water scarcity
-border disputes
-migration
-growing violence and security challenges
-extremism and fundamentalism
-drug trafficking
-environmental degradation
-competition and rivalries between countries of Central Asia
way forward
-no to limit only to trade and Commerce but to investment and services, interlinking to source of raw materials, centre of production
Example, FTA between India and EAEU could spur these

68
Q

For governments careful data mining from big data might help understand our behavior related to planning.
should government rely too much on big data for planning. What cautions need to be taken. examine critically

A

background
-Big data is an opportunity to process and analyse the data to arrive at decisions with speed and efficiency
-it will bring transparency and participation of all stakeholders
-example
a. United Kingdom United States European Union started big data government programs
b.Open government data platform initiative i.e.data.gov.in is welcome step for opening public data for use by analyst and researchers
concerns
-errors bound to increase with more redundant information
- Collection of data through multiple online and offline channels has resulted in conflicting jurisdictional boundaries
-Big data exhibits fake statistical relationships among different variables and one should not heavily dependent on particular model.Model needs to be chosen wisely based on scenario
-threat to privacy example Russian interference in US elections
-India neither have much knowledge nor favorable environment for business that collects data on such vast scale
cautions needed
- Importance of data privacy and protection
a.European Union general data protection regulation
-Comprehensive big data programs across Central and state government ministries and departments
-Just like miners design mines to extract minerals safely and efficiently, Similarly routine algorithms are not enough for big data
-To retain data centers in India, Government of India most encourage industries like Google and Amazon to build data centers in India
-Research and development for big data must be given thrust
uses
-Traffic problems
-Healthcare delivery
-Environment protection
-Personalized educational experience
-Informed policy making
-Supply chain management
-Terrorism
-Natural disasters

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