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Zune1-1 Flashcards

1
Q

JATAKAS - Not only literature but also study of economic conditions of Ancient India ?

A
  1. Voluminous literature concerning 550 previous births of Buddha in human and animal forms.
  2. Compiled in 2nd and 3rd century A.D. by Mahayana and Tantrika sect of Buddhism.
  3. Jataka tales mentioned trade through sea voyages to Suvarnabhumi i.e. South East Asia from Varanasi i.e. Ganga Valley .
  4. Speaks about Ship making workers.
  5. Speaks about Political, Social & Economic Conditions
    -Duties of King
    -Varna and their economic activities
    -Social Inequality, Slavery and Subordination of Women
    For Example
    Rajovada Jatakas
  6. Kings depicted as followers of Justice.
  7. Types of punishments to culprits i.e. insights of political and administrative knowledge of those times
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2
Q

What do you know about PALA dynasty ?

A
  • 8th to 12th Century C.E.
  • Bihar and Bengal
  • Last great phase of Buddhism and Buddhist art in India.
  • Excels in Architecture, Sculpture, Terracotta, Paintings and Wall paintings.
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3
Q

Pala Architecture ?

A

-Architecture was religious in nature
a. First 200 years Buddhist art
b. Last 200 years Hindu art
-Mahavihars (Buddhist monasteries)
-Stupas (Buddhist Shrine)
-Chaityas (Prayer hall with Buddhist shrine)
-Temples & Forts
Notable Mahavihars
a.Nalanda (Bihar)
b.Vikramshila (Bihar)
c.Somapura (Bangladesh)
d.Devikota (West Bengal)
e.Jagaddala (Bangladesh)

Somapura Mahavihar

  • One of the largest Buddhist vihara in Indian Subcontinent.
  • Influence Architecture in Myanmar and Indonesia.
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4
Q

Why India can be a leader in AI ?

A
  • Any AI application is only as good as the data it was trained on using deep neural networks i.e.universal modellers i.e. deep learning.
  • Unique structured data
    a. ‘mobile first’ usage and innovations such as JAM trinity, UPI.
    b. Diverse demographics
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5
Q

What Challenges India faces to be a leader in AI ?

A 
Presently AI sector in India dominated by foreign firms
a.Accenture
b.Microsoft
c.Adobe
Data consolidated in ever fewer firms
a.Facebook
b.Google
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6
Q

How India can be an AI Leader in future ?

A
  • Encourage innovation and entrepreneurship in AI.
  • Building the necessary tools to leverage structured and anonymous data for training purposes - new approach for privacy.
  • Developing countries like India must embrace AI, not necessarily in sectors such as driver-less cars, but in health, education, agriculture and other sectors where we need to make quantum leaps.
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7
Q

How NITI Aayog is using AI to change India ?

A

Five crucial POC’s its partnering
1.ISRO and IBM to implement AI solutions to improve crop productivity and soil health on farms by using data from remote sensing satellite images and other data available with government.
b. Regional language AI-natural language processing library to promote ‘Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat’ preserving the diversity of our many languages, while fostering more communication between citizens.
This will enable AI developers to reach the entire smartphone subscriber base, and not just the English-speaking base, without building their own models for their languages.
c.NITI is partnering with several medical institutions to build a ‘biobank’ of images – radiological and pathological.This biobank will be a collection of images from CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds and x-rays, which will lend itself to training the AI model for early detection of anomalies -expertise that is available only with super-specialised hospitals.
d. NITI has already designed architecture for building inter-operable electronic medical records using blockchain which is secure, ensures patient privacy and is accessible to patients on their mobile phones.
The EMR data, stored in anonymised and encrypted form, can be used to undertake analyses using AI to predict early symptoms of epidemic outbreaks, extent of anti-microbial resistance (region-wise) and disease heat mapping.
e.Exploring the use of AI to assist the judiciary in reducing the backlog of court cases. NITI is working on an AI model to analyse existing court judgments and provide insights for judges in current cases.

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8
Q

How AI can revolutionize Healthcare with respect to India ?

A

BIOBANK
-NITI is partnering with several medical institutions to build a ‘biobank’ of images – radiological and pathological.
-This biobank will be a collection of images from CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds and x-rays, which will lend itself to training the AI model for early detection of anomalies -expertise that is available only with super-specialised hospitals.
-This capability to auto-analyse an image will lend diagnostic ability at the primary health centre level, where India is severely under-served and the quality of medical diagnosis is inadequate.
-This biobank can build up capabilities for analyzing and predicting disease hotspots in India, helping the government to plan specific interventions at the regional level for improving health and nutrition outcomes.
Electronic Medical Records
-NITI has already designed architecture for building inter-operable electronic medical records using blockchain which is secure, ensures patient privacy and is accessible to patients on their mobile phones.
-An inter-operable EMR on blockchain can trigger a multiplier effect on innovations in health -it will increase health and life insurance penetration, reduce insurance fraud to a minimum and eliminate government subsidy leakage.
-The EMR data, stored in anonymised and encrypted form, can be used to undertake analyses using AI to predict early symptoms of epidemic outbreaks, extent of anti-microbial resistance (region-wise) and disease heat mapping.

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9
Q

What are the three Yogs mentioned in Bhagavad Gita ?

A
  1. Karma Yoga or the Path of Action (karma)
  2. Bhakti Yoga or the Path of Devotion (bhakti) to Ishvar (God)
  3. Gyan Yoga or the Path of Knowledge (Gyan)
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10
Q

What is the significance of Three yogas mentioned in Bhagavad Gita ?

A

-Represents three paths for the liberation of Human spirit i.e. Moksha

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11
Q

With the development of classical Hinduism in the 8th or 9th century and Hindu philosophers explaining the nature of the three yogs mentioned in Bhagavad Gita. Name & Explain ?

A
  1. Adi Shankara (8th Century CE)
    - focus on gyan yog exclusively.
    - considered karma-yoga to be inferior, and ignores bhakti-yog entirely.
  2. Ramanuja (11th Century CE)
    - bhakti yog appears to be the direct path to moksh, which is however available only to those whose inner faculties have already been trained by both karma-yog and gyan-yog.
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12
Q

What is Raj Yoga ?

A
  • “the Path of Meditation”
  • presented in the Yog Sutr of Patanjali
  • Patanjali’s system came to be known as Raj Yog or “Royal Yog” retro-actively, in about the 15th century.
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13
Q

What is Hath Yoga ?

A
  • haṭha literally means “force” and thus alludes to a system of physical techniques.
  • Hatha yoga is associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya ( associated with Advaita Vedanta tradition) and the mystical figure of Dattatreya (Mystic Sanayasi).
  • In the 20th century, hatha yoga, particularly asanas (the physical postures), became popular throughout the world as a form of physical exercise, and is now termed as simply “yoga”.
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14
Q

What is the background of Diamond Industry in India ?

A
  • India is the world’s largest cutting and polishing centre of rough diamonds.
  • Surat is the hub for cutting, polishing and processing rough diamonds and 85% of the diamonds are exported
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15
Q

What are the location factors for Diamond Industry in India ?

A
  1. Community - Palanpuri Jains associated with diamond industry world over.
  2. Cheap Labour
  3. Craftmanship -Mumbai and Surat known for specialised skills
  4. Technology - 3D technologies
  5. Trade facilitation - Mumbai is financial hub and Surat & Mumbai has port facilities
  6. Government Support
    a. Diamond Research and Mercantile City, also known as DREAM City, is a upcoming business district in Surat, India.
    b. India’s second diamond trading centre, the Surat Diamond Bourse, will operate from DREAM City.
  7. Private sector support
    - De Beers Group runs IIDGR ( International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research ) investing in innovations.
  8. Demand
    - India is the third largest national consumer market for diamond jewelry sales globally, only behind the US and China in the global league table.
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16
Q

What are the challenges with Diamond Industry in India ?

A
  1. Raw materials-Diamond supply coming from Africa – industry highly vulnerable to outside shocks.
  2. Banking issues - Punjab National Bank (PNB)-Nirav Modi scam-Securing bank loans may become very tough
  3. Risky lending -Quality of collateral is the problem with the diamond industry. In most cases, the collateral is not hard assets but the inventory, and that is what makes lending a high-risk venture.
  4. The polishers buy on credit, so even when demand is low they must sell, however sharp the loss.
  5. New competition from China is undoubtedly a huge threat to India’s diamond industry
  6. Projecting artificial demand, they kept buying more and more rough diamonds and increasing production. This encouraged diamond mining companies to mine more and increase the price of roughs. There was oversupply in the market, which led to the prices of polished diamonds falling and manufacturers bleeding.
  7. When people reduce buying and high value goods get stuck in inventory, the cost of holding goes up dramatically and increasing the cost of production.
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17
Q

What are the Consequences of PNB fraud on Diamond Industry in India ?

A
  1. Reduction in exposure now, and credit will certainly be tightened in the short term.
  2. Polishing business will shift to Israel and Belgium
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18
Q

Who are Adivasis ?

A
  • Original inhabitants of a given region
  • One of the most discriminated communities in India
  • Forced to adapt to modernity even in the most developed states
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19
Q

Why discrimination and atrocities against Adivasis in India continues unabated ?

A

1.Development-induced displacement.
For Example, Kerala in spite being developed state.
2.Not recognized as culture with unique customs & practices but discriminated.
3. Cannot be a mere developmental/economic solution to the Adivasi ‘problem.
4.Radical legislation’s were made accepting the cultural and forest rights of the Adivasis, and grant self-governance to them. But these have either been poorly implemented or completely diluted in practice.
5.Caste system in India recognised them as second grade citizens .

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20
Q

What are the measures needed to end discrimination against Adivasis in India ?

A
  1. Fundamental material issue of land alienation must addressed.
  2. India can learn from New Zealand’s Maori experience of reconciliation is for indigenous people and governments to have a genuine and robust discussion for any attempt to resolve grievances.
  3. Must shift more towards substantive measures like reparations and restitution.
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21
Q

What are the Importance of Adivasis ?

A
  1. Traditional wisdom on farming, forest conservation, and multiple varieties of uncultivated food that can help them reduce the persistent threats of food security.
  2. Protect the bio-diversity of the planet, but also provide sustainable means of forest-led occupations, reduction of absolute poverty and migration.
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22
Q

How Mughal style of paintings got evolved ?

A
  1. Originated in the reign of Akbar.

2. Mughal paintings were a unique blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles.

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23
Q

How Mughal style of painting can be termed as synthesis of Persian (Safavid School) and Indian styles ?

A

1.Mughal rulers brought Persian painters with them. They also patronized Indian painters and the collaboration between these two schools of painters resulted in the synthesis.
Example, Akbarnama -Finest paintings
2.Persian artists such as Mir Sayid Ali, Abdus Samad and Farrug Beg taught the Indians the techniques of Iranian miniature painting.
-Clearly seen in the treatment of animals and landscapes
-The flora of Persia, the shrubs, the slender cypresses, gradually gave way to the rich vegetation of India, painted over large surfaces
3.Mughal painting forsook older Persian art for a new Indian style it never entirely forgot its ancestry
-It is seen in the refinement and lightness of its brushwork, its swaying lines, the multiple resources of its palette.

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24
Q

Why Mughal Style of paintings considered to be secular ?

A
  1. Mughal rulers like Akbar were proponents of secularism and never imposed religious ideas over public hence the influence of their nature can be easily seen in various art forms.
    - Tuti nama consists ofthe themes and stories which are derived from the 12th century Sanskrit anthology titled Śukasaptati or “Seventy Tales of Parrot”.
    - Lord Krishna and Radha -paintings commissioned by the Mughal emperor Akbar which is an endeavor to integrate two different cultures.
    - Miniature artworks of other deities of Hindu religion
  2. Mughal miniature paintings are symbol of cultural and religious tolerance that had developed in India during the medieval period.
  3. Painters from all over India were recruited irrespective of their religion.
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25
Q

Why Mughal Style of paintings are considered to be Aristocratic ?

A
  1. In the mughal court scene paintings, the court scenes are depicted in grandeur and they were rich in variety which included portraits, events and court scenes from the court life. They depict the emperor sitting on a high throne and subjects offering him their valuable things.
  2. The paintings were aristocratic, individualistic and strong in portraiture where the plush court scenes and hunting expedition of royalty were depicted
  3. Dresses of busy emperors, courtiers, servants and architectural designs make the observers familiar with the reign of Mughal emperors.
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26
Q

How Mughal paintings had influence over future art forms as well ?

A
  1. Rajasthan miniature paintings, mainly by the Jaipur school, largely due to Jaipur’s friendly alliances with the Mughals and the patronage of Akbar in the 16th century, remained rooted in the Mughal style.
  2. But the subjects had more varieties and the artists enjoyed more freedom.
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27
Q

What are the challenges to Indian Tourism ?

A
  1. Lack of Infrastructure
    - Access & Connectivity
    - Basic Amenities i.e. Way side amenities
  2. Human Resources
    - Service sector like Banking, Retail, BPO led to shortage.
  3. Service level Operations
    - Interaction with Bus/Railway staff, Immigration, Taxi, Tour guides etc.
  4. Marketing & Promotion
    - Not adequate budgetary support
    - No exposure to different tourism products
  5. Taxation
    - High & Varied tax across states
  6. Threats
    - Terror, Cyber frauds and Swine flue
  7. Regulatory Issues
    - Visa procedures
    - Delay in approval for hotel projects.
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28
Q

What are the measures needed to encourage Indian Tourism ?

A
  1. Infrastructure
    - Smart City Mission
    - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Project
    - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
    - Urban transportation i.e. Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRTS)
    - Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
  2. Human Resources
    - Institutes, Hospitality Management
  3. Sensitization at Service level interaction
    - Athithi Devo Bhava Campaign
  4. Marketing & Promotion
    - Incredible India Campaign
    - Budgetary Support
    - Different products like Medical, Adventure, Cultural, Rural, Agri, Eco, MICE (Meetings/Incentive/Conference/Exhibition).
  5. Taxation
    - GST welcome step
  6. Security
    - Quarantine Checks
  7. Regulatory Changes
    - Visa On Arrival should expand
    - Single Window Clearance for hotel projects is welcome step.
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29
Q

What is the growth rate of Indian tourism industry ?

A
  • From 1991-2013, 891% increase.

- Earlier Visa on Arrival only 12 countries but now increased to almost 43 countries.

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30
Q

Explain Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Project ?

A

-Transform urban living conditions through infrastructure up-gradation.
Features
(i) ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection; (ii) increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks); (iii) reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling).

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31
Q

Explain Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) ?

A
  • Holistic development of heritage cities.
  • It aims to preserve and revitalize the unique character of heritage cities in India
  • Full funded by Central government.
  • Twelve cities—including Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar , Badami, Gaya, Mathura, Varanasi are identified for the project
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32
Q

Explain Bus rapid transit system ?

A

-Bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system
Features
-Dedicated roadways
-Intelligent traffic system to avoid delays
Example
Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System -Pune is the first BRTS in India.
Others are Ahmadabad, Jaipur, Indore, Vishakapatnam and Amritsar

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33
Q

Comment on China’s One party Rule ?

A
  • Remarkably adaptable to changing times

- End presidential term limits, enabling Xi to remain in office indefinitely

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34
Q

What are the advantages of One party rule like China ?

A

-Politically stable government
-National Integration regardless of ethnic, religious & cultural differences
-Continuous Economic development since Government stays over long time
For Example
China - greatest reduction in poverty
-Quick decision making with long term horizon
-Act Swiftly during emergencies

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35
Q

What are the disadvantages of Multi-Party system like India ?

A
  • Narrow agendas pursuing interest of certain groups and tearing apart society
  • Compulsions of Coalition
    i. e.
    1. Unstability
    2. Hiccups while economic planning
  • Decisions focusing short term and the next election.
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36
Q

China has grown Exponential with One party rule than India following Multiparty System. Shall India adopt One party system ?

A 
No
Democracy is fundamentally about 
1.Independence and forbearance i.e. tolerance of institutions i.e. judiciary, press and others.
2.Freedom of speech
3. Decentralization of power
4.Giving voice to minorities
5.Checks and Balances
6. Better Representation i.e. constituencies have high probability of representing their interests
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37
Q

One party rule or Multiparty rule - Which for India ?

A

Multiparty Rule

  • Strong political culture in the country, good coalition potential with parties having common interests and goals.
  • Type of the electoral system, accountability, and party competition within the multi-party system affects the “level” of democracy as well
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38
Q

What are the features of Indian contemporary painting ?

A
  • Acceptance of eclectic (derived from broad sources) approach which has placed artistic expression in international perspective against regional.
  • Product of Indian Renaissance with heavy influence of west on traditional Indian art.
  • In due course, It got delink from Indian tradition and went closer to international trends and modern abstraction-ism.
  • Techniques are more important than content i.e. Form came to be regarded as separate entity and with its increasing emphasis it subordinated the content in a work of art
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39
Q

Name some contemporary painters of India ?

A
  • M.F. Husain
  • S.H. Raza
  • Tyeb Mehta
  • Vasudeo Gaitonde
  • Akbar Padamsee
40
Q

Why do you think India’s art industry has not flourished as it has flourished in the West and China?

A
  1. Indian art market collapsed in 2008, in the wake of the great financial crisis. A decade later, it has still not recovered.
    2.Artists had to face the ire of public for the art whether politics, religious & others.
    For example,
    Divine Bovine at Jaipur Art Summit created by Sidhhartha Kararwal i.e. suspending life-size plastic cow mid-air using a balloon
    -Art often lies in its ambiguity.
    To explain to the viewers the meaning of his artistic expression was to tell them that they had to see it the way Kararwal did.
    -He wanted to highlight plight of abandoned animals who end up scavenging, eating plastic and choking to death.
    -But some claimed it had hurt their religious sentiments and removed from the venue.
    3.Abysmal quality of contemporary art
    -Barring a few notable exceptions, Huge quality gap between Indian and global contemporary artists
    4.Indians are not enthusiastic art buyers
    -buyer’s lack knowledge regarding art and its quality, Also prefer machine-made products
    5.Indian art infrastructure is pathetic.
    -China has 4,000 museums, India probably has 40
    -Art schools are crumbling.
    6.Lack of political will and government interest
    7.Draw heavily from western tradition and are de-linked from Indian tradition
41
Q

What was Lenin Statue demolition Controversy ?

A

-Demolition of Russian revolutionary leader and Communist icon Vladimir Lenin’s statue by newly elected government BJP workers and supporters in Tripura

42
Q

How did Lenin influence Indian revolutionaries ?

A
  1. Rise of a communist movement in India
    - Lenin invited CPI founder MN Roy for 2nd world congress of Communist International & inspired him
  2. Leaders of freedom movement were influenced with legacy of Lenin
    - Lokmanya Tilak “Swaraj is my birth right” commanded admiration from Lenin . Tilak flagged Lenin’s contribution in distribution of land of nobility to peasantry.
    - Bhagat Singh read Lenin’s work extensively and envisage for Social reconstruction
  3. Indian poets lauded Lenin
    - Subramanya Bharati wrote Tamil poem “New Russia” for Lenin role in Russian revolution.
  4. Bengal revolutionaries of ‘Yugantar’ and ‘Anushilan Samiti’ quoted Lenin freely
  5. 1917 Bolshevik revolution under Lenin fired the Indian political imagination and affected profoundly, its course.
    - Inspired the Ghadar movement, Khilafat movement, and the Reshmi Roomal Tehrik.
43
Q

What are the differences between Marxism & Leninism ?

A
  • Marxism was an ideology Karl Marx to explain what will happen when the social classes struggle with each other.
  • Leninism was change made to Marxism by Lenin to fit Russia.
    1. Economic View
  • Marx envisioned communist revolutions developed and advanced capitalist states.
  • Lenin’s communism implemented in Russia, an economically stagnant country mainly inhabited by peasant farmers.
    2. Imperialism
  • Marxist theory held that proletarian revolution was inevitable in capitalist states, as states would suppress moves toward socialism, thus incurring the revolutionary wrath of the working classes.
  • Lenin argued that expanding powers and wealth of the industrialized nations meant they could provide their working classes with just enough capital and benefits to dampen any revolutionary feelings.
    3. Party Politics
  • Marx believed Working classes would spontaneously develop class consciousness and push for proletarian revolution.
  • Lenin believed it would take an organized and professional political party to break the workers from the capitalist trade-union mindset into truly revolutionary state of mind.
    4. Ideology
  • Marx’s ideals of “dictatorship of the proletariat,” Lenin’s Russia was led by dictatorship of the Communist Party, whose leaders assumed they knew what was best for the working classes.
44
Q

Ghadar Movement ?

A
  • 1914, Ship named Komagatamaru, filled with Indian immigrants was turned back from Canada. As the ship returned to India several of its passengers were killed or arrested in a clash with the British police
  • This incident made the Ghadar Party proclaim war and inspired thousands of Indian immigrants to come back and organised an armed rebellion against British imperialism.
  • However, this movement was crushed.
  • Original name of Ghadar Party was Pacific Coast Hindustan Association
  • The founding president of Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party.
  • Headquarters of the movement were set up at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco.
45
Q

Khilafat Movement ?

A

-1919-20
-Muslim support for the Caliph of Turkey against the allied powers particularly Britain.
-Muslims were especially upset about the future of the Islamic places of worship after the allied powers had partitioned the Turkish Empire.
-In India Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali along with some other Muslim leaders such as Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad joined hands and created an All India Khilafat Committee, at Lucknow.
It had two main demands, which were never accepted:
1.Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories so that he is able to defend the Islamic Faith.
2.The places which are called Jazirat-ul-arab, including the Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Palestine must remain under Muslim suzerainty.

46
Q

Explain Reshmi Roomal Tehrik movement ?

A
  • Movement organised by the Deobandi leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at freeing India from the British rule by allying with Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany, and Afghanistan.
  • The letters were written in silk cloth, hence the name
47
Q

Vaikom satyagraha 1924?

A
  • Mass movement for lower caste persons be given the right to use a public path in front of the famous Vaikom temple.
  • Struggle did not succeed, The temple entry movement gained momentum after this.
  • Periyar took part in the agitation.
  • Vaikom Satyagraha was testing ground for the Gandhian principles of Satyagraha. It was tested and proved as the most effective means for the first time.
  • Great opportunity for the Indian National Congress party to grow in Kerala.Before this agitation, the Congress in Kerala was only a limited number of Upper Caste and Upper class people of Malabar
48
Q

Self respect movement ?

A
  • Dedicated to the goal of giving non-Brahmins a sense of pride based on their Dravidian past which also meant denial of the superiority of the Brahmins whom he described as representative of the Aryans.
  • Aim to achieve society where backward castes have equal human rights, and encouraging backward castes to have self-respect in the context of caste-based society
49
Q

What is the significance of Self respect movement ?

A
  • Monopoly of power and influence enjoyed by the Brahmins was slowly lost due to E.V.R.’s (Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar))
  • Anti-Brahminism and Self-respect Marriages were two important aspects of Self-respect Movement
    1. Encouraged inter-caste and inter-religious marriages, along with that it also encouraged marriage ceremonies without Brahmin priest.
    2. Post independence, Tamilnadu passed a law and become the first state to legalize Hindu marriage without Brahmin priest.
  • Propaganda against superstitious beliefs, based upon religious traditions.
  • Self-Respect movement brought the message of the Tamil Nationalism to the masses.
  • Gender relationships were actively divorced from Brahminical patriarchy and women’s rights over their physical, sexual and reproductive choices were celebrated.
  • It aimed at destroying the existing Hindu social order in its totality and creating a new, rational society without caste, religion and God.
50
Q

Anushilan Samiti ?

A
  • (Body-building society-Conglomeration of Akharas) Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century, and propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India
  • Anushilan Samiti was established by Pramathanath Mitra, a barrister from Calcutta.
  • People associated with this samiti were Sri Aurobindo , Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das, Surendranath Tagore, Jatindranath Banerjee, Bhupendra Natha Datta, Barindra Ghosh etc
  • Barindra Ghosh was sent to Paris to learn the science of Bomb Making and here he came in touch were Madam Kama. Madam Kama was already associated with the India House and the Paris India Society.
51
Q

Name 2 two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence ?

A
  • Anushilan Samiti

- Yugantar

52
Q

Yugantar ?

A

-This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club.
-Established by leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh, his brother Barin Ghosh, Bhupendranath Datta, Raja Subodh Mallik in April 1906
German Plot -However failed by Britishers
-Nixon’s Report corroborates that Jugantar under Jatindra Nath Mukherjee counted a good deal on the ensuing World War to organise an armed uprising with the Indian soldiers in various regiments
-Jugantar Party arranged importation of German arms and ammunitions

53
Q

Khudiram Bose ?

A
  • Indian Bengali revolutionary, one of the youngest revolutionaries to be hanged early in the revolutionary movement for Indian independence
  • Associated with Anushilan Samiti
54
Q

How Islam reached South India ?

A
  • Islam reached South India through Maritime spice trade
  • Muslims who were traders enriched country with foreign exchange and got special place by then southern rulers.
  • They were given grants to construct Mosques and other Islamic structures by then rulers
55
Q

Islamic Architecture in South India is not just architectural tradition but in line with native traditions of South India ?

A

Architecture
-They were built of stone in Dravidian architectural style with Islamic sensibilities.
1.Mosques were built more like mandapams with suited requirements for assemble and stand together for prayers.
2.Mosques were carved out with floral and geometrical motifs instead of human figures as in temple
-Mosque in Kerala differ greatly from other Muslim structures of India
1.Extensive use of timber in construction of upper storeys
2.Tiered form of their roofs
Cultural
-Have elements specific to native traditions
1.It had floral buds detailing on the pillars representing positivity and auspiciousness, An essential cultural beliefs of land.
2.Use Tamil calendars for prayers
3.Tradition of singing Mikurasu Malai from 400 odd years continue at Kottar mosque
4.Seera Puranam, Tamil Epic on history of Prophet also recited across mosques in TN

Above points shows cultural harmony existed those times.

56
Q

Who did SURAT SPLIT ?

A

-Lord Curzon

57
Q

Why did Surat Split happened ?

A

-Nationalism was gaining fervor. So British followed policy of Carrot and Stick i.e. policy of repression-concession-suppression

58
Q

Explain the policy of Carrot and Stick which Lord Curzon followed for Surat Split ?

A

Policy of repression-concession-suppression

  1. Extremists were mildly repressed to frighten moderates
  2. Moderates were given concessions and promises to dissociate themselves from Extremists
  3. Once Moderate fell in the trap, Extremists were suppressed through full might of state and thereafter Moderates can be ignored
59
Q

What are ideological differences between Moderates & Extremists ?

A
  • Disagreement when working together against partitioning of Bengal i.e. 1905-07
    1. Swadeshi
    2. Boycott
    3. National Education
    4. Self Government
  • Moderates wanted to confine boycott to Bengal and opposed extension to Government i.e. Non co-operation with Colonial Government while Extremists wanted it
60
Q

Why Jallianwala Bagh Massacre considered worst act of violence ?

A
  • Large gathering 15000-20000 came to celebrate Punjab harvest festival Baisakhi & revolt against Rowlatt Act
  • People were unarmed and British troops fired brutally.
61
Q

What were the consequences of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ?

A
  • By end of 19th century, British rule across globe gained legitimacy
    1. Progressive Administration
  • Jallianwalan Bagh massacre shattered faith of people
  • Tagore renounce his knighthood
  • Gandhi built mass movement which advocates breaking the laws made by rulers to make them illegitimate
  • Finally demand of Purna Swaraj arose.
62
Q

Do you consider training dalit and tribal youth to become priests a reformative and a revolutionary step? Justify your answer. Also examine how does different sections of society view this step that’s being initiated at a conservative religious institution such as the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD)?`

A

Background
-TTD -Richest religious centre - to appoint oppressed classes as priests across AP
Revolutionary Step
-Disruptive Social Engineering
-Boosts confidence of Oppressed classes
Concerns
-Still following Agamasastras & Hierarchy of Hinduism
-Made to follow Brahman way of life
-Presently appointed to temples created in dalits, adivasis and fisherman villages
Other View
-SC 2015- Birth & caste not to determined induction of priests in temples but domain knowledge & awareness of traditional codes of practice
1. Brahmin priests went on strikes shows reluctance in inclusion
Conclusion
-Temples of 21st century with rituals of all castes in practice.

63
Q

Chandrashekhar Azad’s own martyrdom robbed him of the opportunity of working for the establishment of the socialistic society he had dreamed about with comrades. Comment on Azad’s ideology and his contributions to India’s struggle for Independence.

A

Background
-Revolutionary Nationalist concluded that without socialist revolution No Independence for masses
-Followed by Bhagat Singh
Ideology
-Believe in constant aggression against Britishers
-Socialist principles
-Equality above caste & religion
-Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation movement due to Chauri Chaura incident did not go well with him
-While some are happy with Dominion status, He demanded total independence
Contributions
-Reorganized Hindustan Republic Association under new name Hindustan Socialist Republic Association
-Kakori Loot and Saunders murder to avenge killing of Lala Lajpat Rai-Considered Robinhood
Relevance Today
-Socialism -Inequality between Rich/Poor
-Above Caste/Religion

64
Q

In the 1971 Bangladesh War, India’s intervention achieved strategic objectives while maintaining a humanitarian veneer. Analyse.

A

Background
-India’s most successful neighborhood intervention
Is Strategic
-Eliminate threat of two-front war by Pakistan in any future confrontation.
-If Bangladesh became independent without Indian help, it would affect relations between India and Bangladesh in future
-Civil war would have radicalize the Bengali population. Guerrilla warfare may become likely prospect especially in context of Naxalite movement raging in eastern India.
1.Side-line of pro-India Awami League and shift the leadership of the movement to left-wing pro-China parties
-Regional power in South Asia region
Humanitarian
-Genocides never prohibited absolutely intervention of humanitarian character
-Observed international refugee law and allowed refugees regardless of religion or language

65
Q

It is said that Winston Churchill was a war criminal and a blinkered imperialist untroubled by the oppression of non-white peoples. Do you agree? Critically comment, especially considering his role in India’s struggle for Independence.

A

Background
-War-time leader -WW II but intensely controversial figure
Criticisms
-Like Nazis believed in racial hierarchies
1.Non white people
2.advocating use of chemical weapons against tribes especially Kurds and Afghans
- Strong dislike on Gandhi advocating self-determination for India
-Churchill deployed the controversial “Black and Tans” to fight the Irish Republican Army (IRA).Soon they developed reputation for excessive violence
-Bengal famine
1. 4 million Bengali’s starved to death in 1943 famine
2.ordered the diversion of food from starving Indian civilians to well-supplied British soldiers and to top up European stockpiles in Greece and elsewhere.
Why considered Britain greatest figure ?
-War-time leader inspiring the Allies to victory in
Second World War
-Fostering “special relationship” between UK and US
-Take on evils of the Soviet Union with his famous “Iron Curtain” speech, which helped galvanize democratic countries against Stalin-ism
-Instrumental in saving Britain and European civilization from tyranny of Nazism

66
Q

Post 1857, for peasants the fight was not much against colonialism. Analyse.

A

Background
-Colonial economic policies
-Land revenue system
-Colonial administrative and judicial systems
-Ruin of handicrafts
1.Transformed Agrarian structure and impoverished the peasantry.
2.peasants emerged as main force in agrarian movements
Peasants fight was not against colonialism
-Wholly on economic issues
1.Against foreign planters and indigenous zamindar moneylenders
-directed towards specific and limited objectives and redressal of particular grievance
-moved by strong notions of legitimacy
1.did not fight for land ownership or against landlord-ism but against eviction and undue enhancement of rent.
2.not deny state’s right to collect tax on land but objected level of taxation
-territorial reach of these movements was limited
1.confined to particular localities with no mutual linkages
-lacked continuity of struggle or long-term organization
1.Indigo strike, Pabna agrarian leagues left behind no successors
-no stage movements threaten British supremacy or even undermine it.
1.Time to time mitigation
Conclusion
-Weaknesses were overcome in the 20th century when peasant discontent was merged with the general anti-imperialist discontent.

67
Q

Why did communism fail ? Does modern world needs communism ?In light of 100th anniversary of Russian revolution, critically comment ?

A

Intro
-Socio-economic order based on common ownership of means of production and absence of social classes and state
-1917 Russian Revolution i.e. Bolsheviks Revolution
Why fail
-Creativity was not priority
1.Focus on outcomes of one’s action over others
2. Restricted individuals & diversity
-Collectivization
1.Denied right to property, private farming & produce to be distributed equally
-Lack of Rights
1.All civil rights like freedom of speech negated to make society function without deviation
-Not Adaptable
1.However Certain forms survived like the one in China because it was able to react to outside stimuli such as global economy/societal changes i.e. Mao Zedong & Deng Xiaoping models
-Lack of Innovation
1.closed society
-Poor Economic calculations
1.Rather than market forces determining prices of goods, Command economy
2.Set prices based on revenue needs and disconnected from consumers
Communism needs in modern world
-Based on equal distribution of wealth
1.India huge inequality between rich & poor and hence attractive
But
-Liberal political systems reduce poverty since 1990s
-Working classes loosing jobs due to automation & outsourcing and veered towards nationalist parties rather than traditional left parties
-Results shows Mixed/Free economy produce better results
-In era of globalization/digitization/Individual rights, Its not appealing.

68
Q

How does trade impact women? Examine how international trade can be made gender-fair.

A

Background
-World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference in late 2017 had declaration on gender and trade.
1.Gender-related provisions in bilateral FTAs as well as multilateral declarations
Trade impact on women
-Trade liberalization no doubt led to increase in employment opportunities for women particularly in export-oriented sectors such as textiles
But
-concentrated in lowest-paid and most insecure segments of global value chains
-Mostly low skills i.e. industries upgrade, leading to defeminization of employment in manufacturing.
-Gender wage gaps
How to make international trade gender fair
-Incorporating pre-ratification conditions into trade agreement negotiation process
-Sanctions on trade partners fail to conform to international norms as specified under Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
-empower local institutions (e.g., human rights and women’s rights groups, trade unions)
-International lessons
1.Canada and EU have advocated gender inclusivity by including gender chapters in their FTAs.
- women-owned business tend to be smaller and are disproportionately affected by non-tariff measures (NTMs)
1.(UNCTAD) recommended the removal of NTMs such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures
-Make trade policies gender-responsive by
1.women’s participation through voluntary reporting, 2.collecting gender-disaggregated data
-WTO recommendations
1.Establish Task Force on gender and trade in WTO
2.Strengthen interaction with more international agencies concerned with gender and trade (ILO, World Health Organization (WHO), and UNCTAD-United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)
Conclusion
-Empower Women improve families in turn countries

69
Q

What is Lingayatism? Examine its relationship with the Sharana Movement in Karnataka. Also examine how 12th century philosopher Basavanna’s philosophy influence both Lingayatism and Sharana Movement.

A

Background
-Nagamohan Das committee advised “separate religion status for Lingayats community.”
-Karnataka approved and recommended same for GOI
Lingayatism
- followers of Basavanna, 12th-century social reformer who rebelled against Hindu society
-rituals distinct from Brahminical, Jaina and folk faiths existing at that time.
-rejects authority of Vedas, caste system, and Hindu beliefs such as reincarnation and karma
-Composed by men and women from all “castes” (or occupational backgrounds), the extensive body of vachanas are in Kannada, not Sanskrit.
-elevate labour to spiritual ideal and emphasise the equal worth of different kinds of work.
-reject temple worship and forbid animal sacrifice
-strict vegetarians
-own priests to officiate over ceremonies, their own cooks
-don’t cremate the dead, but bury them
Relationship with Sharana movement
-11th century, Start of Veerashaivism
-main force behind sharana movement was Basavanna similar to lingayatism
-not only had all general characteristics of bhakti movements but also managed to grow beyond them.
i.e.
aim was realization of god but did not prevent them from addressing social issues faced by people in real world
-movement produced more than two hundred people who composed vachanas (couplets) which was present in Lingayatism as well.
-achievement was the inter-marriage among Brahmins and dalits with complete approval of sharana society.
-While all Bhakti movements accepted spiritual equality the vachana movement alone also gave equal importance to social equality of people.
-never managed to regain its radical, egalitarian edge, though Veerashaivas, now commonly known as Lingayats, emerged politically powerful in the later centuries.
-Women played key role in the movement i.e. 33 women Vachana poets, most of them from lower strata of the society.
-After Sharana movement in 12th century and post Basaveshwara’s death, the movement went underground
1. people who survived started practising their religion lingayatism along with Hindus
Lingayatism and Basavanna
- debate whether Basavanna founded sect or if he merely reformed an existing order, there can be no doubt that under him community acquired form of well-organised, structured mass movement.
-Basavanna’s vision of societal order was one based on human freedom, equality, rationality, and brotherhood
-He and his followers spread their ideas through vachanas (prose-lyrics) and their prime target was the caste hierarchy
Basavanna and Sharana movement
-Sharana movement he presided over attracted people from all castes & produced corpus of literature, the vachanas, that unveiled the spiritual universe of Veerashaiva saints.
- Anubhava Mandapa, where Sharanas, drawn from different castes and communities, gathered and engaged in learning and discussions
-challenged final bastion of caste order: they organised wedding where bridegroom from lower caste, and bride Brahmin.

70
Q

India is extremely rich in terms of linguistic diversity. Discuss relationship between linguistic diversity and social justice ?

A

Intro
-Called Tower of Babel i.e.Bible explained why world has different languages. Following great flood, humanity speaking single language and started building tower to reach heaven. So God confronted them with different languages so that they can’t communicate & dispersed around world
Linguistic Diversity in India
-8th Schedule - 22 official languages at present
-Sindhi, Konkani, Maithli & Santhal were included
-Besides Official languages, Every state has several languages. For example
1.Kashmir - Dogri, Gojri, Hindi, Balti, Shina
2.UK - Garhwali, Jaunsari,Kumaoni, Tibeto-Burman languages like Darmiya, Chaudangsi, Rangkas etc.
Relationship between Linguistic diversity & social justice
-It can enhance as well as hampers social justice
Enhance
-Art 29 & 30 enhance social justice
1.Many linguistic communities on verge of being extinct
For ex- Chaimal(Tribal language, Tripura)
Hampers
-Educational, Administrative systems mostly bilingual i.e. English, Hindi. So regional at disadvantages
-Digitization does not accommodate linguistic diversity. For example, FB
-Linguistic Chauvinism instills fear to others
1.Mass exodus from Maharashtra of Northern people
-Cultural migration
-Portuguese (Goa) & French(Puducherry) are declining but are necessary to understand local history
Why Linguistic diversity is important
-It keeps all tolerant and enhance fraternity
Government Steps
-Central Institute of Indian languages Mysore
-“Protection & Preservation of Endangered languages of India” scheme
-BHIM App to be available in local languages soon
Statistics
-States with maximum languages
Arunachal Pradesh > Assam > Gujarat
-States with minimum languages
Harayana

71
Q

Kashmir & Kashmiri’ s need autonomy, not azaadi ? comment

A

Intro
-Need to distinguish between Azaadi & Autonomy
Art 370
-Assures special status & limitation on central powers
Art 35A
-Allows J&K assembly to define who is permanent resident, eligible for vote, work in state, buy property and get admission in colleges. Derivative of Art 370
-Art 35A in conflict with Art 14,15,16
Separatists demand
-right to choose whether to be in India, Pakistan OR remain soverign & considers kashmiri demands as Azaadi
Encroachment By state created this fear
-1954 Constitution order eroded Art370 i.e. added Art35A i.e. “Permanent Resident of J&K” only in accordance with the law which was already in force in the State before May 14, 1954. Thus flexibility to change with times were vanished by this presidential order
-Presidential orders to extend jurisdiction of SC & ECI
-President rule multiple times
-Central laws were implemented and state powers has been reduced to “state list”
-SC hearing petition to repeal Art35A
-AFSPA
Measures
-Dialogue must be started rather than force
-Any change with constitutional arrangements must be consulted with J&K
-Trust deficit must be vanished through financial/political devolution and role of interlocutors
-AFSPA, Human rights violations must be held accountable
Conclusion
-Restoration of autonomy within framework of Delhi Agreement 1952

72
Q

Discuss salient features and cultural significance of Bhimbetka cave paintings ?

A

Intro
-located in Ratapani Wildlife sanctuary, Raisen district, MP
-VS Wakankar discovered in 1957
-Its been said that Pandava Bhima used to stay there
Salient features
-range from upper paleolithic, Mesolithic, early historic to medieval periods i.e. 7 different periods
-detailed social life of these times
1.Matchstick figures of men & women
2.Hunting/dancing/house-elephants riding/disguise masks
-Not only caves but remains of ruined citadel, mini stupas indicating Buddhist influence of Maurya/Sunga dynasties
Significance
-Reliable source to reconstruct history when no literary works exists i.e. Pre-history
-Stands intact throughout history of mankind & hence easy to build evolution of mankind from different ages
-Importance of art, community living, dancing etc
-UNESCO World Heritage site
-Tourist attraction

73
Q

Paleolithic age

A
  • Old stone age
  • divided into
    1. Lower paleolithic -Hand axes industries i.e.earliest mankind i.e. 120000 years ago
    2. Middle paleolithic-Era of Neanderthals
    3. Upper paleolithic-Homo sapiens
74
Q

Sunga Dynasty

A
  • From Magadh controlling central/eastern Indian subcontinent
  • Established after fall of Maurya empire by Pashyumitra Sunga
  • Capital - Patliputra
75
Q

Pre-historic era

A
  • Stone age
    1. Paleolithic
    2. Mesolithic
    3. Neolithic
  • Indus Valley Civilization & Dravidian Origin
76
Q

What are the 7 different periods which Bhimbetka caves covers ?

A

1.Upper Paleolithic
-Linear representation of huge animals like bison, tigers, rhinoceros
2.Mesolithic
-Linear representation but small in size
-In addition to animals, Human figures/Hunting scenes/Communal dances/musical instruments
3.Chalcolithic
-Cave dwellers were contact with Agriculture communities & exchange goods with them
4&5.Early Historic
-Decorative style
-Religious symbols - Yakshas, Tree gods etc
-Existence of Scripts
6&7. Medieval
-More schematic i.e. symbolic & simplified
-Colors- Hematite & Wooden Charcoal

77
Q

Balfour declaration is an inexcusable historical mistake. Comment ?

A

Intro
-Issued by British Government during WW-1 for support of establishment of “National home for Jewish people” in Palestine i.e. then an ottoman region with minority Jewish population
But an Inexcusable Mistake
-On going Israeli-Palestine Conflict
-Term “National Home” instead of state i.e. arises confusion like Civil & religious rights of non-Jewish in Palestine, Rights of Jewish in other countries
Conclusion
-Requires Humility & Courage to accept Two state solution
Two State Solution(Not accepted by Israel)
-1967 ceasefire borders with Palestine (Capital- East Jerusalem)
-Recently, UN Security Council resolution

78
Q

China being competitor to liberal democracy. Can it export its model of political system to rest of world. Critically comment

A

Intro
-19th Chinese communist party discussed to what extend it can export its model as alternative for world political systems
-China perceives sidelined by western political ideologies and seeks greater ideological legitimacy for its model
Skeptical
-Model requires preconditions for success
1.Doubtful that conditions that made Chinese communist party can be replicated
-More scope for Soviet-American ideological competition.
1. Sino-American Competition more towards nature of economic relationship

79
Q

October Revolution

A
  • Also called Bolsheviks revolution
  • 1917, Tsarists regime was thrown and replaced by Bolsheviks under Lenin
  • Creation of Soviet Russia
  • Transfer power to peasants, workers & soldiers
80
Q

1989 Revolution or Fall of Communism

A

-Called Autumn of nations/European spring/Fall of nations/Collapse of communism
-End of communist rule in central & eastern Europe.
Why
-Political repression
-Authoritarianism
-Economic crises
-Consumerist pressure
Goals
-Democracy
-civil liberty
-free elections
-Human/Labor rights
Consequences
-Its part of cold war and led to end of soviet union bringing cold war to end
-Dissolution of Warsaw pact & Eastern bloc
1.Warsaw pact i.e.
a. collective defense treaty among soviet union & 7 soviet states of central/eastern Europe during cold war
b. To counterweight NATO
c.Reaction to integration of west Germany in NATO
-US became sole superpower
-Formation of Russian federation & 14 other states from former soviet union i.e. Balkanisation
-Fall of Berlin Wall i.e. Reunification of Germany
-Beginning of economic liberalization in china/vietnam
-Skepticism about communism all over world especially Europe & Asia

81
Q

Maoism

A
  • Communist doctrine of Mao Zedong

- Importance to peasantry, small scale industries, Agriculture collectivization

82
Q

Problem with exporting Chinese model ?

A

-Authoritarian
-Tensions with individual rights
lesson learnt from America
-America fell prey to export liberal democracy around world i.e. Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Eastern bloc (Europe)
-Weakened America

83
Q

Communist Party of China

A

-Keeping with times as per Deng Xiaoping i.e. “ We must catch up with times “
History of CPC
-Feudal China at war with Western powers including Japan. It extends from
1.Opium War (1840)
2.War of resistance against Japanese aggression (1931-45) i.e. Japan occupied Chinese territories for 14 years
Establishment of CPC
-Founded in 1921 as study society & informal network
-After May fourth movement 1919 of students against Imperialist due to weak response to Treaty of Versailles especially allowing Japan to receive territories surrendered by Germany
China Political process went in 3 time frames
1. Qing dynasty 1644-1912
2. Republic of China 1912-49
3. People’s Republic of China 1949-present
-1921-1949
1.Initial 6 years, KMT(Kuomintang presently main opposition party) & CPC join hands in carrying out Northern Expedition against warlords
2.Middle 10 years, democratic revolution suffered setbacks due to betrayal of KMT & leftist mistakes by CPC
-Last 12 years, War against Japanese aggression before People’s Republic of China was founded
-1949-2015
1.First 7 years, social ownership of private means of production
2.Middle 22 years, Significant progress in building socialism,Leftist ideology (Mao Zedong) began to gain ground leading to cultural revolution that lasted 10 years
i.e.
In 1960s & 70s CPC experienced ideological breakdown with Communist party of Soviet Union
-Mao Zedong’s thought i.e. Maoism 1950’s until Deng Xiaoping reforms 1970’s guided CPC
-Deng Xiaoping 1970’s reforms focused on self reliance & economic globalization i.e. Catching Up with times
Conclusion
-Must strengthen “Catching with times” by improving democracy

84
Q

Differentiate between Maoism & Marxism ?

A

Similarities
-focus on proletariat revolution
Differences
Maoism
-Valued peasants not industrialization
-Believed Industrialization further exploit people
Marxism
-Believed in economically strong state i.e. Industrialized
-Only workers know how much they got suppressed by capitalist state

85
Q

Political system in China & Why it is Unique ?

A

-CPC along with 8 other democratic parties are “Participating parties”
i.e.
Democracy with Chinese characteristics
Unique
-changing with times i.e. not hegemonic rather despite differences in ideologies around world seeks convergence of interests with other countries & promote peaceful rise

86
Q

Cultural Revolution in China

A
  • 1966-76
  • By Mao Zedong
  • Goal was to imposed Maoist thought as dominant ideology within party
  • It alleges that intellectuals aims to restore capitalism
  • Mao advocated that these intellectuals must be removed and China youth formed “Red Guard groups” i.e. student revolution
87
Q

Explain Deng Xiaoping Theory

A

-Does not reject Mao Zedong thought but seeks to adopt with changing times
-He stressed on
1. Globalization i.e. Opening economy
2.Phrase “Seeks truth from facts” i.e.Political/Economic pragmatism
It has following components
1.Cat’s color theory
-Does not matter whether cat is black/white as long as it catches mice
-Does not matter whether person is revolutionary or not as long as efficient to do job in socialist economy
2.Theory of opening Up i.e. Kai Fang
-Owes to china’s economic growth
-Emphasis on development of productive forces
3.Promote modernization while preserving ideological unity of CPC
-Basic spirit of communism
-People’s democratic dictatorship political system
-Leadership of communist party
-Upholds Marxism-Leninism & Mao Zedong thought but does not mean blindly imitating

88
Q

Leninism - Marxism

A

Marxism
-Overthrow capitalist structure through worker revolution
Leninism
-Study Marx to bring social revolution in Russia
-Difficult as Marx believed Worker revolution occurred in Industrialized economies while Tsarists Russia was underdeveloped agrarian economy
-Therefore Leninism came into existence
-Lenin was opposed to faction of socialists in Russia & finally split into two factions
1.Bolsheviks (Leninist’s i.e. Revolutionary)
2. Mensheviks (Moderates/Do not want to overthrow the current provisional government formed after end of Tsarists regime by February Revolution 1917/Want Improved Social/Economic conditions)
Important aspects of Leninism
-Democratic centralism i.e. freedom in discussion but unity in action - on behalf of workers and lead way towards communism

89
Q

Communism

A

Social-Economic order with common ownership of means of production and absence of social classes and state

90
Q

Name Leftist parties of India

A

-CPI
-CPI(M i.e. Marxists)
-CPI(ML) -Largest faction of 1970s CPI and played significant role in National level politics
Non Marxist-Leninist could not achieve anything in history. Therefore Around world, Communist movements are Marxists-Leninist

91
Q

It is said that Pala period witnessed last great phase of Buddhism & Buddhist art in India. Examine main features of Pala art and reasons why it ended suddenly ?

A

Background
-Pala dynasty-8th -12th CE -Bihar & Bengal
-It excel in architecture, sculpture, terracotta & paintings
Architecture
-Buddhist Architecture
1.Mahavihars(Buddhist monasteries i.e. residentail buildings for monks)
2.Stupas(Buddhist shrine)
3.Chaityas (Prayer hall with Buddhist shrine)
4.Temples & forts
-Religious in nature i.e. first 200 years Buddhist while last 200 years to be Hindu art
-Notable Mahaviharas
1.Nalanda, Vikramshila - Bihar
2.Somapura, Jagaddala - Bangaladesh
3.Devikota -West Bengal
-Somapura Mahavihara (UNESCO World heritage site) -One of largest viharas in Indian subcontinent and influenced architecture in Myanmar & Indonesia
Temples
-Local Bengal style
-Siddheshwara Mahadeva temple (Burdwan, WB) - early pala style
-Rock cave temple (Kahalgaon, Bihar) - Gabled Vault roof like south Indian architecture
Terracotta
-Developed for decoration
-religious/general life style
-Recovered plaques from Paharpur, Bangaldesh
-Also made on walls
Paintings
-Earliest examples of miniature paintings
-Two forms
1.Manuscripts
a.Written on palm leaves
b.life of Buddha, several gods/goddess of Mahayana sects
2.Wall paintings
-Impact of Tantricism clearly visible
-Reflect contemporary bronze/stone sculpture and classic art of Ajanta
-Wall paintings of Saradh & Sarai Sthal in Nalanda district with bottom platform made up of granite flowers of geometric shapes
Sculptures
-Local Bengal style
-Stone/Bronze in Nalanda/Bodhagaya
-Buddha/Hindu gods/goddess
-Buddhist sculpture
1.Black Slab
2.Lotus seat frequently supported by lions
-Only frontal part decorated/detailed
-Bronze casting -Important feature of Pala sculpture
-Due to Tantricism influence, Sculpture given different touches like female, animal etc
-Pala style
1.Slim/graceful figures
2.elaborate jewellary
3.All figures of similar size
4.Gray/White spotted sandstone
5.Free flowing movement
Reason for sudden end
-Destruction of Buddhist monasteries in 13th century by Muslim invaders
-Some fled Nepal & reinforced art traditions there
-At end of Pala dynasty, Rebellion broke out
Conclusion
-Development of art in Gupta/Maurya carry forward by Palas

92
Q

smart museums to give Virtual tour and 3D view of rare artefacts

A

background
-C-DAC Pune developed software named Jatan and Darshak to revolutionize museum experience
Jatan
-digital imprint of all objects preserved in museums
- virtual Museum builder
- helps researchers curators i.e. custodian of museums and others
Darshak
-mobile based application
- allows real time museum visitors with all details about artefacts by scanning QR code placed before them
C-DAC
-Centre for development of Advanced computing
-premier R&D organisation under Ministry of Electronics and information technology (Meity)

93
Q

Along with Nazi, common citizens were equally complicit in allowing Holocaust to happen. analyse critically

A

background
- around 6 million were killed
-Across Germany and Nazi occupied Europe especially Poland
- extermination camps i.e. gas chambers, shots, starved, abused in ghettos, labour camps
common public to be blamed
yes
-Except the final solution i.e. gas chamber, other information were publicized
- historian suggest such mass execution can only happen with mass participation as it requires Logistics, police, labour camps and industrial gas Chambers
No
-Nazi did not came to power by direct election
a.Hitler with various conservative German parties form the coalition and took over the government
b.never people voted for him
c. The enabling act of 1933 give German cabinet i.e. Hitler power to enact laws without involvement of Reichstag (legislative body till 1933)
- instances all over Europe, people have risked their lives to protect the Jews especially the polish people
- fear of being held in contempt turn some common man into killing Jews
conclusion
-holocaust was the modern genocide using bureaucratic capacity of modern state
- since World War 2, To criminalized genocide International Criminal Court has been set up

94
Q

Government of India concluded facilitation workshop under Open acreage licensing program OALP in Ahmadabad recently. Critically analyse

A

open acreage licensing policy OALP
-part of HELP(Hydrocarbon exploration and licensing policy)
-give options to companies to select exploration blocks on their own without waiting for formal bid from government
-company submit the application which then puts to bid
HELP
-simplified,transparent and investor friendly fiscal and administrative regime
- revenue sharing model
HELP vs NELP (New exploration licensing policy)
- discretion to explorers where as NELP forced explorers to bid for blocks chosen by government
-HELP is more about gas than oil
Conclusion
-Can solve aim to reduce oil imports by 10% in 2022
concerns
-contractual regime
-gas pricing formula

95
Q

Assistance to States and union territories for “narcotics control scheme” extended by Centre for further period of 3 years from 2017 to 2020. critically examine.

A

About the scheme
-combat illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substance
-assist states and union territories in controlling interstate and cross border drug trafficking
-financial assistance to anti-narcotics agencies to increase the enforcement capabilities including training of personnel
-NCB i.e. Narcotics Control Bureau is the nodal agency to implement the scheme
way forward
-Move ahead from common drugs such as Ganja hashish opium and heroine to abuse of Pharmaceutical preparations such as buprenorphine for chronic pain, codeine for cough syrups, proxivon for painkillers
Way Forward
-supply reduction(through enforcement activities) as well as demand reduction(through rehabilitation and de-addiction measures)

Zune (11 decks)

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