Zoonosis

Question 1

Definition of zoonosis

Answer 1

diseases that pass between people and animals in either direction

Question 2

How big of a problem is zoonoses

Answer 2

> 70% of emerging human infectious diseases come from animals

Question 3

Examples of new emerging infectious diseases

Answer 3

VHF
resp diseases
novel influenza viruses

Question 4

routes of zoonotic transmission

Answer 4

every day contact with animals - scrathes/bites

by products (faeces/urine) - contaminated soil, litter

foodstuffs - carcass processing, milk and milking, raw/undercooked meats

Question 5

Classifying source animals in zoonoses into type of animal

Answer 5

Need to get species of companion animal

Question 6

classify where person came into contact with animal

Answer 6

Question 7

Summarise of campylobacter

Answer 7

resevoir - poultry/cattle
*100% of chicken has campylobacter *
Transmission - contaminated food
presentation - diarrhoea, bloating, cramps
Ix - stool culture (MC&S)
Mx - supportive

Question 8

Summarise salmonella

Answer 8

Resevoir - poultry, reptiles, amphibians
about 1% are human-human - salmonella typhae and salmonella paratyphae - cause enteric fever
transmission - contaminated food, poor hand hygiene
less chickens have salmonella than campylobacter
presentation - diarrhoea, vomiting, transient fever
Ix - stool culture
Mx - supportive, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin
*Typhae/paratyphae need abx otherwise die. The zoonotic ones are fine w/o abx *

Question 9

Enteric pathogens

Answer 9

Campylobacter
salmonella
shigella (shigallosis) - not zoonoses
* shigella soniae - watery poo, primary school and nursery
* shigella flexoniae - diarrhoea, fever, picks up abx resistance disease
* shigella dysentaeia - low and middle income countries

Question 10

Bartonella henselae

Answer 10

resevoir - kittens>cats
transmission - scratch, bites, licks of open wounds, fleas
cause cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis

Question 11

cat scratch disease

Answer 11

Presentation - macule at site of innoculation, -> pustular, regional adenopathy, systemic sx

Ix - serology

Mx - erythromycin, doxycycline

Question 12

bartonella causing bacilliary angiomatosis

Answer 12

immunocompromised, skin papules, disseminated multi-organ (liver and sometimes spleen) and vasculature involvement
Deranged clotting, LFT, hypoalbuminaemia, palpable spleen, reduced platelets, increased reticulocytes, fragments on blood film

ix - Histopathopology, serology.

Mx - erythromycin, doxycycline, plus rifampicin

Question 13

Toxoplasmosis transmission

Answer 13

resevoir - cats, sheep

transmission - infected meat, faecal contamination

as long as not pregnant when seroconverted to toxoplasmosis fine -if pregnant then there is transplacental transmission of toxoplasma parasites -> bad effect for fetus

IgM become +ve for 2wks then stays up for 6mo
IgG - comes in after couple of mo, and then stays +ve for life

Question 14

toxoplasmosis clinically

Answer 14

presentation - fever, adenopathy, stillbirth, progressive visual, hearing, motor and cognitive issues, seizures, neuropathies

Ix - serology

Mx - Spiramycin, pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine

Question 15

Brucellosis

Answer 15

resevoir - cattle, goats
transmission - unpasteurised milk, uncooked meat, mucosal splash, aerosolisation/inhalation

presentation - fever, back pain, orchitis, focal abscesses (psoas, liver)

Lung - blood/pus culture, serology

Mx - doxycycline plus gentomycin/rifampicin

Question 16

coxiella burnetii - Q fever

Answer 16

reservoir - goats, sheeps, cattle
transmission - aerosolisation/inhalation of secretions, waste or milk of infected animals. Unpasteurised milk.

presentation - fever, flu like illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, focal abscesses (para-vertebral/discitis)

Ix - serology

Mx - doxycycline (hydroxychloroquine)

Question 16

coxiella burnetii - Q fever

Answer 16

reservoir - goats, sheeps, cattle
transmission - aerosolisation/inhalation of secretions, waste or milk of infected animals. Unpasteurised milk.

presentation - fever, flu like illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, focal abscesses (para-vertebral/discitis)

Ix - serology

Mx - doxycycline (hydroxychloroquine)

Question 17

rabies (lyssa virus)

Answer 17

resevoir - dogs, cats, bats
transmission - bites, scratches, contact with infected fluid
presentation - seizures, excessive salvation., agitation , confusion, fever, headache, mortal, aversion to water, encephalitis

Ix - serology, brain biopsy,clinical
mx - Ig, vaccine

Question 18

rat bite fever

Answer 18

resevoir - rats
transmission - bites, contact with infected urine or droppings

responsible agents - streptobacillus moniliformis or spirillum minus

presentation - fever, polyarthralgia (small joints), maculopapular progressing to purpuric rash, can progress to endocarditis

ix - joint fluid microscopy and culture (culture -ve), blood culture

Mx - penicillins

Question 19

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Answer 19

transmission - contact with infected urine/droppings, aerosolisation

clincial presentation - fever, myalgia, flu-like illness, respiratory failure, bleeding, renal failure

ix - serology, PCR

Mx - supportive

Question 20

Viral haemorrhagic fever

Answer 20

transmission - contact with fluids of infected
presentation - fever, myalgia, flulike illness, bleeding

Ix - serology, PCR

Mx - supportive, die