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PATHOLOGY > fundamentals of histology > Flashcards

fundamentals of histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are these white cells

A

neutrophils

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2
Q

what do neutrophils mean in pathology

A

it is acute inflammation

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3
Q

describe this - piece of appendix

A

Neutrophils in the wall in crypt
ie acute appendicitis

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4
Q

what is this white cell

A

half way between lymphocyte and plasma cell

bit more cytoplasm than typical lymphocyte, less than plasma cell

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5
Q

what do lymphocytes and plasma cells in pathology mean

A

chronic inflammation
(or lymphoma/multiple myeloma)

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6
Q

what does this histology in this crypt (GI) show

A

lymphocytes - ie chronic inflammation
there are also neutrophils in the crypt - so this is acute on chronic

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7
Q

sheets of lymphocytes - whats the ddx

A

lymphoma

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8
Q

what is this white cell

A

eosinophil

has red granules
bilobed nucleus

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9
Q

What are eosinophils associated with

A

allergic reactions including against drugs
parasitic infections
tumour - eg Hodgkin’s - eosinophils as a reaction to the cancer

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10
Q

what sign is in this oesophagus, and what does that suggest

A

feline contractions

  • eosinophilic oesophagitis
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11
Q

histopath for eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

squamous cells with lots of eosinophils

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12
Q

pathogenesis of eosinophilic oesophagitus

A

allergic reaction

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13
Q

what are these white cells

A

mast cells

large
lots of granules

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14
Q

histology of urticaria

A

skin
lots of mast cells

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15
Q

what is this type of white cell

A

macrophage
loads of cytoplasm

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16
Q

what are macrophages in pathology suggestive of

A

late acute inflammation
chronic inflammation - including granuloma (organised collection of activated macrophages - secretory, and have more cytoplasm - look like epithelium so called epitheliod macrophages )

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17
Q

describe the sputum specimen

A

pigmented macrophages with toxins - so sample has come from the alveoli

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18
Q

describe this lung

A

white material
caseous - cheesy
granuloma
(TB)

19
Q

histology of granuloma

A

sheets of epitheloid macrophages

20
Q

what are granulomas associated with

A

infection:
* TB
* leprosy
* fungal infection
* cat scratch fever

idiopathic - sarcoid

21
Q

stain for TB

A

Ziehl-Neelson stain
for acid fast bacilli

22
Q

how do we classify tumours

A

based on what cell they come from

23
Q

carcinomas

A

malignant tumour of epithelial cells
* squamous cell - keratin production, intercellular bridges
* adenocarcinomas - mucin production, glands
* transitional cell

24
Q

describe normal squamous epithelium histology

A

keratin at the top

25
Q

intercellular bridges of squamous epithelium

A
the thin parallel lines
26
Q
A

squamous cell carcinoma

because of the keratin

27
Q

what type of ca is this

A

SCC

intercellular bridges
can tell cancer because of nuclei are not regular and there are multiple

28
Q

sites of origin of squamous ca

A

skin
head and neck
oesophagus
anus
cervix
vagina

29
Q

what type of epithelium is this

A

glandular

30
Q
A

glandular epithelium with mucin stain
highlights the goblet cells

31
Q
A

glands
so adenocarcinoma

32
Q

sites of origin of adenocarcinoma

A

lung
breast
stomach
colon
pancreas

33
Q

what type of tumour is this

A

malignant melanoma - pigmented skin

fontana stain for melanin +ve
34
Q

types of stain

A

histochemical eg H and E
immunohistochemical -Ab to specific Ag in tumour, then using detection to find them

35
Q

summarise histochemical stain

A

based on chemical reaction between stain and specific component of the tissue

product of the reaction has specific colour or property that can be identified

36
Q

stain for haemochromatosis

A
37
Q

what stain do you use when you see this pinky material

A

congo red - stains amyloid

38
Q

what happens if analyse amyloid under polarised light

A

get apple green birefringence

39
Q

mech of immunohistochemical stains

A

based on Ab specific to an antigen in tissue
need a detection system to make binding visible

immunoflurescence
immunoperoxidase

40
Q

summarise immunoflurescense

A

need Ab that detects ag

then Ab that detects Ab with a stain

41
Q

summarise immunoperoxidase

A

Add ab and ab with a detector system that has an enzyme - then add the substrate

42
Q

what is cytokeratin

A

an epithelial marker

if no cytokeratin on stain - then not epithelium

all epithelial cells have different cytokeratins - can stain for the specific one

43
Q

what is CD45

A

A lymphoid marker

44
Q
A

cells with multiple nuclei
typical of HSV

can tell which HSV it is usiing immuno

PATHOLOGY (94 decks)

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