fundamentals of histology

Question 1

what are these white cells

Answer 1

neutrophils

Question 2

what do neutrophils mean in pathology

Answer 2

it is acute inflammation

Question 3

describe this - piece of appendix

Answer 3

Neutrophils in the wall in crypt
ie acute appendicitis

Question 4

what is this white cell

Answer 4

half way between lymphocyte and plasma cell

bit more cytoplasm than typical lymphocyte, less than plasma cell

Question 5

what do lymphocytes and plasma cells in pathology mean

Answer 5

chronic inflammation
(or lymphoma/multiple myeloma)

Question 6

what does this histology in this crypt (GI) show

Answer 6

lymphocytes - ie chronic inflammation
there are also neutrophils in the crypt - so this is acute on chronic

Question 7

sheets of lymphocytes - whats the ddx

Answer 7

lymphoma

Question 8

what is this white cell

Answer 8

eosinophil

has red granules
bilobed nucleus

Question 9

What are eosinophils associated with

Answer 9

allergic reactions including against drugs
parasitic infections
tumour - eg Hodgkin’s - eosinophils as a reaction to the cancer

Question 10

what sign is in this oesophagus, and what does that suggest

Answer 10

feline contractions

• eosinophilic oesophagitis

Question 11

histopath for eosinophilic oesophagitis

Answer 11

squamous cells with lots of eosinophils

Question 12

pathogenesis of eosinophilic oesophagitus

Answer 12

allergic reaction

Question 13

what are these white cells

Answer 13

mast cells

large
lots of granules

Question 14

histology of urticaria

Answer 14

skin
lots of mast cells

Question 15

what is this type of white cell

Answer 15

macrophage
loads of cytoplasm

Question 16

what are macrophages in pathology suggestive of

Answer 16

late acute inflammation
chronic inflammation - including granuloma (organised collection of activated macrophages - secretory, and have more cytoplasm - look like epithelium so called epitheliod macrophages )

Question 17

describe the sputum specimen

Answer 17

pigmented macrophages with toxins - so sample has come from the alveoli

Question 18

describe this lung

Answer 18

white material
caseous - cheesy
granuloma
(TB)

Question 19

histology of granuloma

Answer 19

sheets of epitheloid macrophages

Question 20

what are granulomas associated with

Answer 20

infection:
* TB
* leprosy
* fungal infection
* cat scratch fever

idiopathic - sarcoid

Question 21

stain for TB

Answer 21

Ziehl-Neelson stain
for acid fast bacilli

Question 22

how do we classify tumours

Answer 22

based on what cell they come from

Question 23

carcinomas

Answer 23

malignant tumour of epithelial cells
* squamous cell - keratin production, intercellular bridges
* adenocarcinomas - mucin production, glands
* transitional cell

Question 24

describe normal squamous epithelium histology

Answer 24

keratin at the top

Question 25

intercellular bridges of squamous epithelium

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

squamous cell carcinoma because of the keratin

Question 27

what type of ca is this

Answer 27

SCC intercellular bridges can tell cancer because of nuclei are not regular and there are multiple

Question 28

sites of origin of squamous ca

Answer 28

skin head and neck oesophagus anus cervix vagina

Question 29

what type of epithelium is this

Answer 29

glandular

Question 30

Answer 30

glandular epithelium with mucin stain highlights the goblet cells

Question 31

Answer 31

glands so adenocarcinoma

Question 32

sites of origin of adenocarcinoma

Answer 32

lung breast stomach colon pancreas

Question 33

what type of tumour is this

Answer 33

malignant melanoma - pigmented skin

Question 34

types of stain

Answer 34

histochemical eg H and E immunohistochemical -Ab to specific Ag in tumour, then using detection to find them

Question 35

summarise histochemical stain

Answer 35

based on chemical reaction between stain and specific component of the tissue product of the reaction has specific colour or property that can be identified

Question 36

stain for haemochromatosis

Answer 36

Question 37

what stain do you use when you see this pinky material

Answer 37

**congo red - stains amyloid**

Question 38

what happens if analyse amyloid under polarised light

Answer 38

get apple green birefringence

Question 39

mech of immunohistochemical stains

Answer 39

based on Ab specific to an antigen in tissue need a detection system to make binding visible immunoflurescence immunoperoxidase

Question 40

summarise immunoflurescense

Answer 40

need Ab that detects ag then Ab that detects Ab with a stain

Question 41

summarise immunoperoxidase

Answer 41

Add ab and ab with a detector system that has an enzyme - then add the substrate

Question 42

what is cytokeratin

Answer 42

an epithelial marker if no cytokeratin on stain - then not epithelium all epithelial cells have different cytokeratins - can stain for the specific one

Question 43

what is CD45

Answer 43

A lymphoid marker

Question 44

Answer 44

cells with multiple nuclei typical of HSV can tell which HSV it is usiing immuno