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PATHOLOGY > endocrine pathology > Flashcards

endocrine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

differentiate anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior pit:
Epithelium cells
Supplied by blood from pit portal system from hypothalamous

posterior pit:
* nervous cells
* supplied by nerves from supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus

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2
Q

histopath of anterior pit

`

A

epithelial cells from oral cavity embryonologically

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3
Q

what are the hypothalamic hormones and their effects on ant pit hormones

A
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4
Q

what is the main cause of hyperpituitarism

A

functional adenoma of pit cells

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5
Q

how is hyper pit classified

A

previously:
* based on morphological character of predominant cells
* acidophil
* basophil
* chromophobe

now:
* based on hormones produced - using immunohistochem

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6
Q

what are the commonest pit ademonmas

A

Prolactinoma

1/5 grow w/o producing any hormones at all

Some have mixed effects

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7
Q

epi of pit adenoma

A
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8
Q

clinical features of prolactinaemia

A
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9
Q

clinical features of GH adenomas

A
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10
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A
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11
Q

clinical features of hypopit

A
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12
Q

what are the posterior pit hormones

A

ADH
oxytocin

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13
Q

local mass effect of pit tumours

A
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14
Q

histology of thyroid gland

A
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15
Q

physiology of thyroid gland

A
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16
Q

what is, and causes of, non-toxci goitre

A
  • Enlargement of thyroid
    • Common if impairment synth of thyroid hormone
    • Commonest cause is iodine deficiency
    • Common to see in puberty in girls
    • Ingestion of substances that interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis
    • Hereditary enzyme defects -> persistent stimulation of thyroid -> enlargement
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17
Q

causes and effect of multinodular goitre

A

With time the simple goitre transforms into this
May be massive -> compression
May get autonomous nodule -> hyperthyroidism

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18
Q

what is thyrotoxicosis

A

Hypermetabolic state with too much T3 and T4

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19
Q

causes of thyrotoxicosis

A
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20
Q

epi of graves

A

most common cause of endogenous hyperthyrioudism
more women

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21
Q

triad of grave’s sx

A
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22
Q

pathogenesis of Graves

A

autoimmune disease

Ab to TSH receptor and to thyroglobulin

Ab to TSH receptor cause release of hormones and enlargement of epithelium

Associated with other autoimmune disorders
* SLE
* pernicious anaemia
* t1DM
* Addison’s

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23
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A
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24
Q

epidemiology of hashimotos disease

A
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25
Q

presentation of hashimotos disease

A

painless thyroid enlargement

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26
Q

histology of hashimotos

A

Infiltration of lymphoid cells and germinal centres in thyroid - reflecting fact it is autoimmune

27
Q

histology of epithelial cells in hashimotos

A

Become very enlarged - copious eosinophilic cytoplasm - referred to as hertle cells

28
Q

which thyroid nodules are more likely to be carcinoma

A

Solitary
Solid
Males
Younger
Nodules that don’t take up iodine ie are non-functional

Need to look at morphology - FNAC or core biopsy or remove nodule

29
Q

features of adenomas of the thyroid

A
30
Q

epidemiology of carcinoma of thyroid

A
31
Q

pathogenesis of carcinoma of the thyroid

A
32
Q

epi and dx of papillary carcinoma of thyroid

A
33
Q

histo of papillary carcinomas

A
34
Q

features of papillary thyroid carcinoma

A
35
Q

epi of follicular carcinoma

A

middle age

36
Q

features of follicular carcinoma

A
37
Q

cancers that met to bone

A

Follicular thyroid ca
Lung
Breast
Adrenal

38
Q

what are medullary carcinomas

A
39
Q

histology of medullary thyroid cancer

A
40
Q

characteristics of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

A
41
Q

origin and location of parathyroid glands

A
42
Q

actions of PTH

A
43
Q

causes of hyperparathyroidism

A
44
Q

histo of parathyroid adenoma

A

Thin capsule
Normal parathyroid is 50% fat and there is almost no fat in adenoma

45
Q

features of primary hyperparathyroidism

A
46
Q

cause and features of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
47
Q

causes of hypoparathyroidism

A

surgery
congenital absence
autoimmune

48
Q

clinical features of hypoparathyroidism

A
49
Q
A

adrenal gland

Cortex made of epithelial cells
Medulla - neural cells

50
Q

zones of the adrenal cortex

A
51
Q

effects of adrenocortical hyperfunction

A
52
Q

features of cushings

A
53
Q

causes of cushings syndrome

A
54
Q

macro path of adrenals in different causes of cushings

A
55
Q

causes of hyperaldosteronism

A
56
Q

clinical features of hyperaldosteronism

q

A

HTN
low K

57
Q

causes of hyperandrogens

A

neoplasms - carcinoma > adenoma

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

58
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

autosomal recessive

defect in enzymes in cortisol synth

low cortisol = more ACTH = more androgens

mostly present in child

59
Q

primary causes of adrenal insufficiency

A
60
Q

causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency

A
61
Q

function of adrenal medulla

A
62
Q

disease of adrenal medulla

A

phaeochromocytoma

neuroblastoma

63
Q

features of phaeo

A
Paragangliomas usually in sympathetic chain
64
Q

what are MEN syndromes

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes

inherited diseases
-> proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs

PATHOLOGY (94 decks)

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