Zoonoses Flashcards
what are zoonoses?
infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and humans
name a parasitic zoonosis
toxoplasmosis
name a fungal zoonosis
dermatophytes
name a viral zoonosis
> rabies
yellow fever
ebola
name a bacterial zoonosis
> brucella > shigella > salmonella > campylobacter > anthrax
how is rabies transmitted?
bite from an infected animal
what is the incubation period of rabies?
2 weeks to several months
how does the rabies virus reach the brain?
through the peripheral nerves
how may rabies present?
> fever
headache
unable to swallow
. overproduction of saliva and tears
how may rabies present when it is progressing?
> mania
lethargy
coma
how is rabies diagnosed?
> PCR of saliva of CSF
> (post mortem brain biopsy)
how is rabies managed?
post exposure prophylaxis of human rabies immunoglobulin.
4+ doses of rabies vaccination in 4 days
what is the brucellosis bacteria excreted in?
cow milk, placenta and aborted fetus
why should you warn the lab if there is suspected brucellosis?
there is a risk of spread
when are humans infected with brucellosis?
> during parturition
milking infected animals
handling carcasses of infected animals
consumption of unpasteurised dairy products
true or false
the Brucella bacteria is gram positive coccobacilli
false
it is gram negative
what is the incubation period for brucellosis?
5-30 days (up to 6 months)
what is the acute presentation of Brucellosis?
> high undulant fever > weakness > drenching sweats > headaches > splenomegaly
what is the subacute presentation brucellosis?
fever and joint pain
what is the chronic presentation of brucellosis?
> splenomegaly > epididymo-orchitis > chronic arthritis > depression > malaise
what is the management of brucellosis?
> long acting doxycycline 2-3months
rifampicin oral + IM gentamycin 1st week
cotrimaxoizole 2 weeks
why may relapses of brucellosis occur?
due to intracellular organisms (only 5-10%)
describe the leptospirosis organism
highly mobile spirochetes that can survive in the environment for weeks to months
what is the incubation period of leptospirosis?
2-30 days
what are the symptoms of a leptospirosis infection?
> undifferentiated fever
myalgia
headaches
abdominal pain
describe severe disease in leptospirosis infection
weil’s disease
> AKI
> triad jaundice
> bleeding
and pulmonary haemorrhaging
how is leptospirosis diagnosed?
cultured in a special medium for at least 1 week
what is the treatment for leptospirosis?
> prompt dialysis
IV penicillin if severe
doxycycline in mild disease
in lyme borrellios when does the erythema migrans appear?
3-90 days after bite
what is acrodermatitis chronica atroficans in lyme disease?
blush red discolouration in the extensor surfaces of distal extremities that progresses to an atrophic phase. peripheral neuropathy is common
what is lymphocytoma in lyme disease?
bluish solitary painless nodule of the earlobe or areola
more common in children than adults
what is the triad of symptoms in neuroborreliosis in lyme disease?
> facial nerve palsy
radicular pain (worse at night)
lymphocytic meningitis
how is lyme borrellios diagnosed?
> paired blood CSF serology
CSF pleocytosis often lymphocytic
neuro symptoms consistent and other causes excluded
PCR of synovial fluid from arthritis
what is the treatment for lyme borrllios?
IV ceftrinaxone
oral doxycycline
oral vancomycin
