Zoonoses Flashcards
Definition
Diseases and infections which are transmitted naturally between vertebrate animals and man
Animals that transmit zoonoses
Mice Rats Cats Dogs Small ruminants Cattle Swine Birds Water sports assoc Water-borne Food-Assoc
Gram -ve aerobic bacilli (facultative intracellular)
Endemic worldwide
Transmitted by inhalation, skin or mucus membrane contact
Consumption of contaminated food (untreated milk/dairy) animal contact or environmental contamination
Includes laboratory acquired
Brucellosis
Symptoms of Brucellosis
Fever - classically undulant (peak evening normal by morning), malaise, rigors, sweating, myalgia/arthralgia, tiredness, (incubation 3-4/52)
Complications of brucellosis
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Occasionally Meningoencephalitis
Signs of brucellosis
Arthritis, spinal tenderness, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, epididymo-orchitis
Rarely - Jaundice, CNS abnormalities, cardiac murmur, pneumonia
Ix of Brucellosis
Serology - anti-O-polysccharide antibody. (Titres >1:160)
WCC usually normal
Leucocytosis rare
Significant number of pts neutropaenic
Treatment for Brucellosis
4-6 weeks Tetracycline or Doxycycline combined with streptomycin
Or PO Doxycycline + rifampicin 8/52
Rhabdovirus affecting warm blooded animals; dogs and bats most common
Migrates to CBS (mths/yrs) - fatal encephalitis - Negri bodies = pathognomic
Prodrom - fever, headache, sore throat - acute encephalitis (hyperactive state)
Rabies
Ix and serology for Rabies
IFA for rabies antigen in brain tissue
Neutralisation tests/ ELISA for specific IgM
Treatment for rabies
Rabies IgG Post exposure
Gram -ve lactose fermenter. In rats, transmitted by fleas.
Yersinia pestis
Plague
Diagnosis - PCR
Flea bites human
Swollen LN
Dry gangrene
Bubonic plague
Usually seen during epidemics
Person-person spread
Pulmonary plague
Treatment of plague
Streptomycin, Doxycyclin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol (in meningitis)
Gram -ve Obligate, aerobic, motile spirochaetes Excreted in dog/rat urine Penetrates broken skin/swimming in contaminated water Incubation (10-14 days)
Leptospirosis
Symptoms of leptospirosis
High spiking temp/headache/conjunctival haemorrhages/jaundice, malaise, myalgia, meningism, carditis, renal failure, haemolytic anaemia
Treatment of leptospirosis
Amoxicillin, erythromycin, doxycycline or ampicillin
Painless round black lesions + rim of oedema
Cutaneous Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Massive lymphadenopathy + mediastinal haemorrhage, pleural effusion and resp failure
Pulmonary Anthrax (Woolsorters disease) Bacillus anthracis
Treatm,ent for anthrax
Ciprofloxacin
Doxycycline
Arthropod borne spirochaete
Borrelia burgodoferi (spirochaete) Lyme disease
Stages and symptoms of Lyme disease
Early localised - cyclical fevers, non-specific flu-like symptoms, erythema chronicum migrans (Bullseye rash)
Early disseminated - Malaise, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, caraditis, arthritis
Late persistent - Arthritis, focal neurology, neuropsychiatric disturbance, acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans
Diagnosis of Lyme disease
Biopsy edge of ECM
ELISA for Lyme Abs
Treatment of Lyme disease
Doxycycline 2-3 weeks (also amoxicillin, cephalosporins)
CNS issues - IV ceftriaxone 2-4 weeks
Post Rx few get ME type symptoms
Atypical pneumonia from cattle or sheep
2-5 weeks post-infection - fever, dry cough, fatigue, pleural effusion, diarrhoea - No rash
Coxiella burnetii
Q Fever
Rx - doxycycline
Transmitted through sand fly bite (South and Central America and Middle East)
Skin ulcer at site - multiply in dermal macrophages
Heals after 1 year leaving depigmented scar
Single or multiple painful nodules - grow and ulcerate
Type IV reaction
Cutaneous Leishmania
L major
L tropica
Pts with immunodeficiency
Nodular skin lesions arise but do not ulcerate
Lots of nodules esp. nose
Skin teset -ve as immunodeficient
Diffuse cutaneous Leishmania
Dermal ulcer same as cutaneous
Months to years later
Ulcers in mucous membranes of nose and mouth
Muco cutaneous Leishmania
Young malnourished child
Abdo discomfort + distension, anorexia, weight loss
Visceral Leishmania = Kala Azar
L donovani, L Infantum L chagasi (S America)
Invasion of reticuloendothelial system - hepatosplenomegaly, BM invasion
Later disfiguring dermal disease (PKLD)
Leishmania donovani
