Zatchot L4 to L6

Question 1

what is the Symptoms of the respiratory disorder

Answer 1

there is 2 type
– Main :
1.Cough
2.Sputum
3.Breathlessness
4.Chest pain
5.Haemoptysis
6.Wheeze
–Nonspecific-
Fever, Chills, Sweating, Weakness,
decreeing working ability.

Question 2

explain the Cough ( type of disease and types of cough and classification of cough time )

Answer 2

– type of Cough disease:
1- Acute - pneumonia, acute bronchitis, laryngitis, ARI, influenza
2- Chronic - chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma,
tumors of the bronchopulmonary system
–types of cough :
——1- Dry :
1-1 Viral infections
1-2 Interstitial lung disease
1-3 Tumors
1-4 Allergic diseases
1-5 increase bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
——-2- Productive (with sputum ) :
2-1 Chronical bronchitis
2-2 Bacterial pneumonia
2-3 COPD
2-4 bronchiectasis
2-5 lung abscess
—classification according to time :
Morning =
1 chronic bronchitis,
2 bronchiectasis,
3 lung abscess
* Night :
1 tuberculosis,
2 lymphogranulomatosis
3 malignant new growths

Question 3

explain the Breathlessness and types

Answer 3

– Breathlessness : its hardness taking breath or release the breath
-types :
1-inspiratory :Obstacles to air entering the trachea and the large bronchi (swelling of the vocal cords, tumors, foreign body in the lumen of the bronchi)
* The pathological processes accompanied by compression of the lung and lung excursion restriction
* Pathological processes in the lungs, accompanied by a decrease in lung compliance
2-expairatory : * Most often it indicates the presence of airflow obstruction at the level of small bronchi (COPD, asthma, bronchiolitis)
* Decreasing lung tissue elasticity (emphysema)
3-Combined :

Question 4

explain the mechanism of Wheezing

Answer 4

A
—A WHEEZE is a high-pitched musical adventitious lung
sound produced by airflow through an abnormally narrowed small lower airway(s).
-Ex :(COPD, bronchial asthma)

Question 5

explain the Stridor cough

Answer 5

– A stridor : is a high pitched musical breath sound caused by turbulent air flow in the upper airway -often u can hear it without stethoscope
- causes : they are 3
1-Airway swelling from a croup
2-Epiglotitis
3-lodged foreign bodies

Question 6

explain the Sputum and its Condition

Answer 6

1.Mucoid, excessive quantities =Chronic bronchitis
2.Mucopurulent or purulent (yellow or green) = Infection — acute or chronic bronchitis
3 Excessive in early mornings, or at change of posture, purulent = Bronchiectasia
4.Black = Cigarette or atmospheric smoke, coalminer’s sputum
5.Pink, frothy = Acute pulmonary oedema
6.Rusty = Lobar pneumonia
7.Blood-stained = Acute bronchitis, tuberculosis, neoplasia
8.Viscous with plugs = Asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia

Question 7

what is the main CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN ?

Answer 7

1-Aortic dissection
2-Pericarditis
3-Gastro-esophageal pain
4-Cholecystitis
5-Ischemia of myocardium
6-Pleuritic pain
7-Intercostals neuralgia

Question 8

what is the causes of Haemoptysis

Answer 8

1 pneumonia,
2 pulmonary infarction,
3 Bronchiectasis,
4 pulmonary tuberculosis
5 carcinoma.
6 heart diseases : pulmonary oedema, mitral stenosis

Question 9

explain the Static examination of the chest

Answer 9

A
1- thorax shape
2- symmetry of the chest
— distortion in terms of restriction or enlargement of one side:
increase of one side -exudative pleurisy (hydrothorax), pneumothorax,
— decrease of one side -pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive atelectasis

Question 10

what is Thorax shape characteristics

Answer 10

A
—There exist three normal types of thorax:
1-asthenic chest,
2-normosthenic (athletic) ,
3-hypersthenic chest

Question 11

what is Pathological types of the chest

Answer 11

A
-1-. Emphysematous or barrel
-2- Paralytic
-3-. Rachitic (keeled) thorax :
-4- . Funnel chest and chest cobbler

Question 12

what is the couses of Kyphosis, kyphoscoliosis

Answer 12

Causes: traumas, rachitic, tuberculosis

Question 13

why do wee need to do Palpation of chest

Answer 13

chest expansion,
chest elasticity or resistance
pain, tenderness areas
vocal or tactile fremitus (fremitus pectoralis)

Question 14

what if the patient has Resistance of the chest

Answer 14

opposite the property of elasticity;
causes:
1. emphysema of the lungs,
2. ossification of ribs in the elderly,
3. fluid in the pleural cavity,
4. tumors of the pleura

Question 15

explain the Vocal (tactile) fremitus

Answer 15

—if it Decreased
1-hydrothorax
2-pneumothorax
3-fibrothorax (thickening of pleura

-if its increase
consolidation of the lung tissues - lobar pneumonia;
empty cavity presence in the lungs; .compressive atelectasis

Question 16

Types of percussion notes

Answer 16

1-Resonant note
2-Dull
3-Stony dull (flat)
4-Hyporesonant
5-Hyperresonant
6-Tympanic

Question 17

what Topographic percussion determining

Answer 17

Determining:
* 1) the upper borders of the lungs
* 2) the lower borders of the lungs
* 3) variation mobility of the lower border of the lung

Question 18

what Topographic percussion rules

Answer 18

Rules:
* percussion - quiet
* from clear to dull percussion note
* the finger-pleximeter parallel to the border of the organ
* the border is marked by the edge of the pleximeter directed toward the zone of the more resonant sound
* percussion carried out at the ribs and intercostal space

Question 19

Lungs topographic percussion abnormalities (lower lung borders)

Answer 19

–if Elevation
* Shrinking of the lung
* Thickening of pleura
* Exudative pleuritis and hydrothorax
* High diaphragm
* Flatulence
* Ascites
–if Depression:
* Emphysema
* Asthma
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 20

what is the pathological breath sound ?

Answer 20

1-Rales : pathology of bronchi and trachea
2-fine crackles : pathology of alveoli
3-plural fraction rib : plural pathology inflammation

Question 21

explain the wet crackles breath sound

Answer 21

Wet crackles
* Inspiratory and expiratory (wet) crackles occur during inspiration and expiration, when air passes through the pathological liquid, forming bubbles.
* Inspiratory and expiratory crackles depend on the size of the lumen (caliber) of the bronchi: there are small, medium and major “buble” crackles.
* causes - pathology of the bronchi and trachea (bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess communicating with the bronchus, pulmonary edema),
* changes after coughing.

Question 22

explain the Fine crackles

Answer 22

• Late inspiratory (fine) crackles are associated with the
  appearance in the alveoli a small amount of viscous secretions (transudate, exudate, blood).
• causes - pneumonia, alveolitis, stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circulation,
• does not change after coughing.

Question 23

explain the Pleural friction rub

Answer 23

• Is heard during both phases of respiration,
• Is localized to a small area of the chest,
• Does not change after coughing,
• Aggravated by pressure with a stethoscope on the chest wall,
• The sound is caused by the two inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing against each other during respiration and disappears when sufficient fluid accumulates to separate the two layers of the pleura.

Question 24

explain the rales breath sound

Answer 24

-1-Dry rales (rhonchi) :
* occurs in large and medium bronchi, the trachea.
* auscultation characteristics: low sounds “musical” character,
* occur when there is viscous sputum in the lumen of the bronchi,
* can be heard on inhalation and exhalation,
* changes after coughing.
* chronic bronchitis, COPD
-2-Dry whistling rales (wheezing):
* are caused by of air flow through narrowed small bronchi in bronchial asthma, emphysema and COPD.
* better heard on expiration, especially forced