blood analyisis Flashcards
Purpose of the COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
-Purpose of the COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT : study is to
diagnose pathological conditions associated with
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
what is the blood
Blood is a biological fluid that consists of plasma and
blood cells
explain the Hemoglobin (НGB)
Norm:
- men 130-160 g / l
- women 120-140 g / l
– ↓ hemoglobin content in blood - anemia of various origins
—↑ the content of hemoglobin in the blood - with
polycythemia vera and symptomatic erythrocytosis
* Relative -↑ hemoglobin content in blood - with a decrease in plasma volume (hemoconcentration)
explain the Red blood cells – RBC
-Norm: М: 4,0–5,1 ×1012/ L; W: 3,7–4,7 ×1012/ L
-* A decrease in the number of red blood cells per unit of
blood volume is one of the criteria for anemia.
* Erythrocytosis is a combined ↑ of the number of
erythrocytes, the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood.
* Absolute erythrocytosis - ↑ mass of circulating erythrocytes
per unit volume of blood.
* Relative erythrocytosis - ↓ plasma volume (dehydration)
and subsequent hemoconcentration
what is the meaning of Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis is when you have more red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes.
what is the meaning of Polycythemia vera
is a type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.
explaian the Absolute erythrocytosis (RBC Polycythemia) - primary - secondry
—primary
-Pathological ↑ erythpoietin level:
Kidney disease (hydronephrosis, polycystic, kidney
transplantation);
Neoplasms (hypernephroma, nephroblastoma,
hepatocellular carcinoma, cerebellar hemangioma);
Endocrine disorders;
Hereditary erythrocytosis;
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (True polycythemia:
erythremia) -characterized by the rapid growth in the bone
marrow of the blood-forming elements - the hyperplasia of the bone marrow
—secondry
-Reactive ↑ erythropoietin level due to hypoxemia:
Long stay at high altitude;
Chronic lung disease;
Sleep apnea syndrome + obesity;
Smoking;
Professional or sports activities in hypoxic conditions
(pilots, drivers, mountaineers, etc.)
explain the Reticulocytes:
-Reticulocytes are red blood cells that are still developing
-norm is 0.2-1.2% of the total number of erythrocytes
The number of reticulocytes in the blood reflects the regenerative
properties of the bone marrow. An increase in the content of
reticulocytes is observed with enhanced regeneration of
hematopoiesis.
Reticulocytosis
* after blood loss,
* with hemolytic anemias, especially during a crisis (up to 20-30% or more),
* in the treatment of B12-deficiency anemia (reticulocytic crisis - an
increase in the number of reticulocytes on the 5-9th day of treatment).
* in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (reticulocytic crisis - an
increase in the number of reticulocytes on the 3-5th day of treatment).
* malignant tumors with mts in the bone marrow
* Decrease in RTC - with suppression of the regenerative function of red bone marrow, kidney disease, mts of tumors in the bone marrow
explain the Hematocrit (HCT)
-Norm М: 39–51 % W: 34–47 %
hematocrit is :. is the ratio volume of elements to the blood plasma.. The hematocrit depends primarily on the number of red blood cells.
-Most often, hematocrit is determined to assess the intensity of blood loss.
Hematocrit:
-decreases with anemia of any genesis and hemodilution (pregnancy, edema),
-increases with polycythemia vera, less often with hemoconcentration.
explain the Platelets
-Normal : 150,0–400,0×109/L
Thrombocytosis:
- family - very rare,
-Primary (essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, idiopathic
myelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukemia;
-Secondary (85-90%) - occurs more often, due to ↑ production of
thrombopoietic factors: Iron deficiency anemia. Tumors. Inflammatory
processes and bacterial infections. Splenectomy.
—Decrease the number of platelets : –(thrombocytopenia) < 150,0× 109/L
Congenital and Acquired:
1. Destruction of immune and non-immune
platelets.
2. Hypersplenism.
3. Decreased platelet production (viral infections,
megaloblastic anemias, neoplastic bone marrow
infiltration, exposure to cytostatics)
explain the White blood cells
Increase of leukocytes (leukocytosis) and
Decrease of leukocytes (leukopenia)
–Normal: 4,0–9,0 ×109/ L
they are seevral types :
1-monocytes 2-Eosinphils
3-basophil 4-nuetrphil
5-lymphocyts
—–
–increase :
1. Acceleration of maturation of leukocytes in the organs of hematopoiesis:
-acute infections, with the exception of typhoid and typhus, paratyphoid fever,
influenza, measles and some other viral infections
-any acute and chronic (exacerbated) inflammatory diseases, especially purulent
-tissue decay (necrosis in myocardial infarction, stroke, pancreatic necrosis,
intestinal, kidney, spleen infarction, extensive burns, etc.) and / or severe
intoxication (uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, etc.)
-hypoxemia (significant acute blood loss) diseases accompanied by immune
reactions
-toxins (carbon monoxide, mercury, digitalis, quinidine, benzene derivatives,
lead, lactic acid) or physical factors (ionizing radiation)
-hyperfunction of the pituitary-adrenal system
-malignant neoplasms.
2. Proliferation as a result of uncontrolled tumor growth in the hematopoietic
organs (leukemia).
3. Vascular reaction with the release of a large number of leukocytes from blood
depots- after eating a meal rich in protein, after significant muscle work,
psychoemotional stress, after overheating or cooling.
——-
-Decrease :
1. Viral (influenza, measles, rubella, viral hepatitis, AIDS, etc.) and some bacterial
(typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, brucellosis, etc.), rickettsial (typhus,
rickettsiosis, etc.) and protozoal infections (malaria, etc. .)
2. Generalized infection (septicemia, miliary tuberculosis, etc.).
3. Hypoplasia and aplasia of the bone marrow (with aplastic and hypoplastic
anemia, the effect of ionizing radiation on the body, cytostatic drugs,
antibiotics, sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics
and some other drugs).
4. Agranulocytosis, accompanied by a pronounced decrease or disappearance of
granulocytes (neutrophils) from the peripheral blood.
5. Some autoimmune diseases.
6. Splenomegaly, often accompanied by the development of hypersplenism
syndrome (leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia).
7. Aleukemic forms of leukemia.
8. Hypothyroidism.
9. Tumor metastases to the bone marrow
explain the Leukemoid reaction
As reactive changes in blood are similar to hematological malignancies,
it is important to differentiate them from leukemia.
Leukemoid reaction denotes pronounced neutrophilia (>40,000
cells/ml) in acute inflammatory reaction that may be mistaken for
leukemia, especially chronic myeloid leukemia.
Leukocytosis occurs initially because of accelerated release of cells from
the bone marrow and is associated with increased count of more
immature neutrophils in the blood (shift to the left). The reaction is
actually due to an infection or another disease and is not a sign of cancer.
Blood counts often return to normal when the underlying condition is treated.
explain the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
And causes of increase and decrease
-Norm : Norm: men 1- 10 mm / h/; women 2-15 mm / h
ESR : is a nonspecific indicator of the pathological state of the organism.
—Causes of increased ESR :
- Increased fraction of coarse proteins (inflammation, hypoalbuminemia,
paraproteinemia)
- Anemia
- Malignant neoplasms
- Pregnancy, menstruation
The increase in ESR in inflammatory diseases is associated with the development of
dysproteinemia, the appearance of tissue degradation products, C-reactive
protein, immune complexes and other components that alter blood viscosity and
the potential of the erythrocyte membrane in the bloodstream.
Especially significant values of ESR up to 60-80 mm / h were observed in
paraproteinemic hemoblastoses (myeloma disease) and symptomatic
paraproteinemias accompanying malignant neoplasms, chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, sy
———–
-Decrease :
Increase of the number of red blood cells (erythremia, various types
of polyglobulia)
- Lowering blood pH - the development of acidosis (with heart
failure)
- Increase of the content of bile acids in the blood (mechanical and
parenchymal jaundice)
- Decrease in fibrinogen content.
explain the Anemia
Is a condition characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and,
in most cases, the number of erythrocytes and hematocrit per unit volume of
blood. The criteria for the diagnosis of anemia are:
for men - the number of erythrocytes <4.0 ×1012/ L, Hb <130 g / L, Ht<39%
for women - the number of erythrocytes <3.8 ×1012/ L, Hb <120 g / L, Ht<36%
-for pregnant women Hb <110 g / L, Ht<33%.
Anemia classification and types of severity ?
-accroding to casus:
* There are 3 groups of anemias:
* 1.Anemia due to blood loss (post-hemorrhagic);
* 2. Anemia due to impaired blood formation (iron deficiency,
vitamin B12 and folate deficiency);
* 3. Anemia due to increased blood destruction (hemolytic)
-Acoodring to morphology :
1-Microcytic MCV < 80
2-Normocytic MCV 80-100
3-Macrocytic MCV> 100
MCV = Mean corpuscular volume
————
-types of severity :
1 - easy 120 Hg(130) -100
2 - medium Hg 80-99
3 - severe Hg 65-79
4 - life-threatening Hg<65
Hg = Hemoglobine concentration
