L4 Respiratory Flashcards
what is the Symptoms of the respiratory disorder
there is 2 type
– Main :
1.Cough
2.Sputum
3.Breathlessness
4.Chest pain
5.Haemoptysis
6.Wheeze
–Nonspecific-
Fever, Chills, Sweating, Weakness,
decreeing working ability.
cough
explain the Cough
-Patient should be asked about its on set ,duration, the time of occurrence, any change in frequency and severity, and about the associated expectoration.
Do you have a cough? ,
How strong is the cough? (Slight, moderate, intensive)
— types of cough disease :
1- Acute - pneumonia, acute bronchitis, laryngitis, ARI, influenza
2- Chronic - chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma, tumors of the bronchopulmonary system
– reasons of Dry , and prodctive with suptum cough
1- Dry :
1-1 Viral infections
1-2 Interstitial lung disease
1-3 Tumors
1-4 Allergic diseases
1-5 increase bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
2- Productive (with sputum ) :
2-1 Chronical bronchitis
2-2 Bacterial pneumonia
2-3 COPD
2-4 bronchiectasis
2-5 lung abscess
cough
explain types of cough and its couses
- Dry, hacking = Viral infections, interstitial lung disease
- Chronic = , productive Bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, abscess, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis
- Wheezing = Bronchospasm, asthma, allergies, congestive heart failure
- Barking = Epiglottal disease
- Stridor = Tracheal obstruction
- Nocturnal = Postnasal drip, congestive heart failure
- Associated with eating or drinking = Neuromuscular disease of the upper esophagus
cough
explain the morning and evening coughing
- Morning =
chronic bronchitis,
bronchiectasis,
lung abscess
* Night :
tuberculosis,
lymphogranulomatosis
malignant newgrowths
- Morning =
explain the Sputum examination
- Information should be obtained about its
- quantity, colour, viscosity, taste and odour.
- How often do you cough up sputum?
- What is the daily amount of sputum?
- How difficult is it to cough up phlegm?
- In what posture phlegm cough up better?
- What color is usually the sputum?
- Are there any impurities (blood - crimson or dark,
- dense particles)?
explain the Sputum and its Condition
1.Mucoid, excessive quantities =Chronic bronchitis
2.Mucopurulent or purulent (yellow or green) = Infection — acute or chronic bronchitis
3 Excessive in early mornings, or at change of posture, purulent = Bronchiectasia
4.Black = Cigarette or atmospheric smoke, coalminer’s sputum
5.Pink, frothy = Acute pulmonary oedema
6.Rusty = Lobar pneumonia
7.Blood-stained = Acute bronchitis, tuberculosis, neoplasia
8.Viscous with plugs = Asthmatic pulmonary eosinophilia
Dif and Categorizes of Dyspnea
explain the Breathlessness
— Breathlessness, or dyspnoea, may be simply a subjective uncomfortable awareness of breathing (from any cause), but in cardiorespiratory disorders it is key symptom of the cause, an index of severity, and an indicator of progression of the underlying disease.
–Categorizes of Dyspnea :
1- depending on breathing stages: inspiratory, expiratory, mixed;
2-according to pathogenesis: pulmonary, cardiac, anemic, etc. Asthma is an attack-like abrupt dyspnea. It occurs not only with lung diseases (bronchial asthma), but also with a number of other diseased states: bronchial, cardiac, mixed, cerebral, and hysteric types
explain Сhest pain
— Pains caused by respiratory apparatus lesion depend on pulmonary pleura involvement. If the process is confined to lungs only, no pain can be registered since the lung tissue has no pain receptors
-Pleural pains are characterized by the following features: they are of shooting character, not of
radiating nature, and are usually aggravated or detected only at the maximum of inhale or while
coughing and sneezing, that is, when pleural leaves overlap.
–Pleural pains should be distinguished from other kinds that can arise in the thorax region: caused by thorax diseases: intercostal muscles myosites, intercostal nerves pleurisy and nerve root compression , rib injuries
explain the causes Haemoptysis
–. causes :
1 pulmonary oedema,
2 mitral stenosis,
3 pneumonia,
4 pulmonary infarction,
5 pulmonary tuberculosis
6 carcinoma.
explain Static examination of respiaratory
– there is 3 type
1-peripheral cyanosis (acrocyanosis)
2-limited, local
3-central cyanosis cyanosis
explain the Inspection Points to note in general assessment:
- • Physique
- • Voice
- • Breathlessness
- • Clubbing
- • Cyanosis or pallor
- • Intercostal recession
- • Use of accessory
- respiratory muscles
- • Venous pulses
10 • Lymph nodes
explain Thorax shape characteristics
–On static examination, thorax shape characteristics are
described. There exist three normal types of thorax:
1- alar chest,
2-normosthenic (athletic) type,
3-hypersthenic chest.
explain the Palpation
–Palpation of chest determines: chest elasticity or resistance, vocal or tactile fremitus (fremitus
pectoralis)
what is Pathological types of the chest
-1-. Emphysematous or barrel
-2- Paralytic
-3-. Rachitic (keeled) thorax :
-4- . Funnel chest and chest cobbler
what is Physiological types of the chest
1- Normosthenic form :
smooth or smoothed supra-and subclavian space
oblique course of costal arches
mild intercostal spaces width
ratio of anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of 2: 3
rib angle 900
tight fit of the blades to the chest
2-Asthenic form
retraction of supra-and subclavian spaces
an oblique course of costal arches
wide intercostal spaces
ratio of anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of 1: 2
rib angle is less than 90º
blades do not fit tightly to the chest
3-Hypersthenic form
bulging or flattening of supra-and subclavian spaces
horizontal course of ribs
intercostal spaces are narrowed
ratio of anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of 1: 1
rib angle greater than 90º
blades pressed firmly against the chest
