L1-L2 introduction Flashcards
explain the General inspection
The rules:
1. The patient must be examined successively
2. The patient should be examined fully.
The conditions:
1. The room should be warm.
2. Lighting - natural
light is desired
what is Patient’s general condition
satisfactory,
medium gravity,
grave
extremely grave
explain the Body temperature
In a healthy human being body temperature
fluctuates in a narrow range: from 36,0°C to 37,0°C.
- Continued fever (febris continua): long-term body
temperature increase with diurnal fluctuations not
exceeding 1°C. - Remittent fever (febris remittens): long term body temperature increase with diurnal fluctuations exceeding 1°C.
- Intermittent fever (febris intermittens): high fever changed by normal body temperature (below 37°С) for 1-2 days and then rising again up to 38-40°С.
- Hectic fever (febris hectica): sufficient temperature increase up to 39-41°С (more often by the evening) changed by normal temperature within 24 hours. Increase of temperature is accompanied by pronounced chill, and its increase - by emaciating sweating
explain the Consciousness
– Three grades of consciousness disturbance are distinguished :
1. Torpor : is a state of stunning out of which the patient may be taken out for a short time by speaking to him. The patient is poorly oriented in the surrounding situation, answers the questions slowly and late
- Sopor (sleep) : is more pronounced consciousness disturbance. The patient does not react to surrounding people, although sensitivity, including pain sensitivity, is preserved, reacts to examination.
- Coma :
is more pronounced consciousness disturbance.
The patient does not react to surrounding people, although sensitivity,
including pain sensitivity, is preserved, reacts to examination.
Types comatose states
alcoholic coma
hypoglycaemic coma
diabetic (hyperglycaemic) coma
hepatic coma
uremic coma
epileptic coma
cerebral coma
artificial coma
what Forced position during a bronchia
asthma attack
(asthma accompanied by sharp difficulty of expiration) the patient takes forced sitting position leaning with his hands on the back of a chair, edge of a bed, his knees, etc. This position gives a possibility to fix the shoulder girdle and to switch additional respiratory musculature, specifically, muscles of the neck, back and breast enabling expiration
explain Forced position during cardiac
asthma attack
During cardiac asthma attack and pulmonary edema
caused by blood congestion in lesser circulation circle
vessels the patient is eager to take vertical (sitting)
position with legs dropped down which decreases
blood inflow to the right cardiac chambers and gives a
possibility to unload lesser circulation circle to some
extent (orthopnea position)
explain the The ratio of the waist / hip ratio
(WC/HC)
waist circumference
(cm) 88 cm for women
and 102 cm for men
hip circumference (cm).
The ratio of the waist /
hip ratio (WC/HC) - the
waist to hip
circumference ratio=
≤0,85 for women
≤1,0 for men
explain the body Constitution
1- Normosthenic type : is characterized by correct habitus with proportional parts of body, well-developed somatic musculature, correct chest shape with costal angle approaching straight angle
2-Asthenic type :
predominant body development in length,
muscles are weakly developed,
shoulders are sloping,
long neck,
the chest is narrow and flat
epigastric angle is narrow (less than 90°).
the ribs are oblique
the scapulae do not adjoin the chest tightly.
3-Hypersthenic type:
predominant body development in width;
medium height or lower,
enhanced nutrition,
muscles are well-developed.
shoulders are wide, neck is short.
the abdomen is enlarged in volume.
the chest in is wide,
epigastric angle is obtuse (over 90°),
the ribs are located more horizontally
explain the body Constitution
1- Normosthenic type : is characterized by correct habitus with proportional parts of body, well-developed somatic musculature, correct chest shape with costal angle approaching straight angle
2-Asthenic type :
predominant body development in length,
muscles are weakly developed,
shoulders are sloping,
long neck,
the chest is narrow and flat
epigastric angle is narrow (less than 90°).
the ribs are oblique
the scapulae do not adjoin the chest tightly.
3-Hypersthenic type:
predominant body development in width;
medium height or lower,
enhanced nutrition,
muscles are well-developed.
shoulders are wide, neck is short.
the abdomen is enlarged in volume.
the chest in is wide,
epigastric angle is obtuse (over 90°),
the ribs are located more horizontally
what Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases means ?
Introduction to Internal Diseases (IID). IID is
divided on:
1. general diagnostics
a) methodology of diagnosis
b) symptomatology
2.clinical pathology.
what is the Five classical methods of direct patient
examination ?
- patient’s interview,
- inspection,
- palpation,
- percussion,
- auscultation
DF of Symptom
Symptom is a separate sign of the disease.
df of Syndrome
Syndrome is a combination of symptoms, combined with a common pathogenesis
DF of Diagnosis
Diagnosis is a short medical conclusion about the nature of the disease and the patient’s condition, expressed in medical terms
